不止是挖矿,比特币矿企在AI趋势下实现新增长

Odaily星球日报Published on 2024-08-04Last updated on 2024-08-04

Abstract

矿企正处于比特币和AI/高性能计算两大增长趋势的交汇点。

原文来自 Galaxy

编译 | Odaily星球日报 Golem(@web3_golem

不止是挖矿,比特币矿企在AI趋势下实现新增长

编者按:Galaxy 7 月 31 日发布了 2024 年比特币挖矿年中报告,其中主要探讨了当前的挖矿经济状况(包括挖矿成本和交易费用的波动)、在人工智能和高性能计算对电力的需求下矿企的优势与新业务增长点以及对未来哈希率的预测,关键要点已经在下文列出。此外,因为人工智能(AI)和高性能计算(HPC)与比特币挖矿融合的趋势使那些在短期内能够提供电力能源的矿企拥有独特的优势,同时也为目前受哈希价格及交易费用降低而导致经济效益不佳的矿企提供了新的业务方向,因此小编节选编译了报告的第二部分,供大家参考。

关键要点:

  • 随着哈希价格创下历史新低,挖矿难度从峰值 88.1 T(隐含哈希率 630 EH)下降 10% 至 7 月初减半后的低点 79.5 T(隐含哈希率 569 EH)。截至撰写本文时,难度为 82.0 T(隐含哈希率 587 EH)。

  • 2024 年第一季度,上市矿企共筹集了 18 亿美元的股本,创下过去 3 年中一个季度筹集的最高金额。

  • 虽然矿工近几个月来一直在通过发行股票来筹集资金,但随着可用功率容量价值的飙升,我们预计债务资本市场将在 2024 年下半年和 2025 年重新出现。

  • 那些已获得大规模功率容量批准、采购周期长的基础设施及水和光纤的矿企,处于充分利用 AI 革命的最佳位置。

  • 在我们的年度报告中,我们估计 2024 年底的哈希率目标范围为 675 EH 至 725 EH。我们现在将增长上调至 725 EH 至 775 EH 之间,结合公开矿工信息、季节性趋势和盈利能力进行分析。

  • 从 2024 年 1 月 1 日到 2024 年 7 月 23 日,比特币矿工产生了 1.297 万枚 BTC(截至 2024 年 7 月 23 日价值 8.63 亿美元)的交易费。矿工们赚取的费用大约占 2023 年总费用的 55% (2.34 万枚 BTC)。

  • 截至今年,矿业并购已完成超过 4.6 亿美元的交易,主要分为场地销售、反向并购和公司收购。我们预计行业内的并购活动将继续进行。

电力价值飙升,矿企受到资本青睐

自 2023 年第四季度估值开始飙升以来,在现货比特币 ETF 获批预期的推动下,矿企继续筹集资金(主要是股本)以在减半之前迅速扩张。2024 年第一季度,上市矿企共筹集了 18 亿美元的股本,创下了过去 3 年中单季度筹集金额的最高记录。

不止是挖矿,比特币矿企在AI趋势下实现新增长

在减半之前,为了快速扩张、囤比特币、提高设备效率并建立现金储备已在之后的困境中抓住机会,矿企们积极筹集资金。在筹集的 18 亿美元中,市值排名前三的矿企(Marathon、CleanSpark 和 Riot)占了 75% 的资金。Bitmain 和 MicroBT 推出的新一代价格极具竞争力的矿机增强了其他矿企尽快扩建产能并接入机器以获得高投资回报率(ROI)的紧迫感。

如上图所示,自 2022 年中期以来,债务资本已基本从市场上消失。此前,矿工可用的债务融资选择主要围绕 ASIC 抵押构建。ASIC 抵押融资的挑战在于 ASIC 价格的波动、抵押品的快速贬值以及许多合同中缺乏追加保证金的要求。当挖矿条件恶化时,不仅机器产生的现金流减少,其价值也下降,随着贷款价值比(LTV)的上升,矿企无法偿还未偿债务,导致贷方处境危险。

然而,随着可用功率容量价值的飙升,预计贷方将在 2024 年下半年和 2025 年重新进入市场。比特币矿企和超大规模计算中心(即具有可扩展云基础设施的大规模数据中心)对功率容量几乎无尽的需求推高了可用能源容量的价值。从贷方的角度来看,为已在优质位置获得大规模功率容量的矿企承保债务,在挖矿经济恶化的情况下可以提供一定的贷偿保障。此外,在 2022 年和 2023 年期间,矿企通过减少未偿债务和创建更精简的成本结构使资产负债表更加完善。因此,我们认为该行业现处于债务融资的有利位置,而不是仅仅依靠发行股票来实现未来增长。

电力资产仍处于价格发现期。最近的资产销售价格每兆瓦各不相同,但总体趋势向上。从矿业公司的角度来看,与继续稀释股份作为其主要资本来源相比,在项目层面利用其矿区不断上升的价值可能具有吸引力。如果将重点放在产生自由现金流和创建精简的结构上,同时将债务与现金流清偿对齐,可以让矿企以高效的资本效率增长。当矿企业务扩展到 AI 和 HPC 领域还可以得到纯挖矿矿企无法获得的新债务资本来源。

即使债务融资变得现实,但矿企扩张的“军备竞赛”仍在继续,预计 2024 年下半年仍将有大量的股权融资活动。上市矿企的估值在宏伟的增长目标、未来比特币价格上涨的预期和 AI/HPC 叙事的推动下已经上升。这些增加的估值有助于矿企减少股权发行导致的股东稀释。由于大型上市矿企宣布了宏伟的增长目标,即使哈希价格接近历史低点,扩展和资本筹集活动似乎也不会放缓。

建设下一代全球数据中心?

矿企正处于比特币和 AI/HPC 两大增长趋势的交汇点。鉴于运营成本与比特币价格的非线性相关性,矿企仍然略有盈利,可以从比特币价格的持续牛市中获益。同时,生成式 AI 是历史上采用速度最快的技术之一。例如,ChatGPT 在发布后的前两个月内就达到了 1 亿用户,成为历史上增长最快的应用程序。再加上 AI 模型训练和推理所需的电力比传统数据中心使用的电力高出一个数量级(一次 ChatGPT 查询需要的电力是一次 Google 搜索的 10 倍),AI 军备竞赛引发了对在短时间内寻找可靠电力的巨大需求。

不止是挖矿,比特币矿企在AI趋势下实现新增长

到 2030 年,全球数据中心电力需求预计将增长 160%  。在美国,数据中心目前的需求估计为 21 千兆瓦(“GW”),预计到 2030 年将增加到 35 GW。 预计同期美国发电装机产能将增加约 370 GW。然而,如上图所示,美国能源信息署 (EIA) 预计可调度发电来源(煤炭、天然气、核能等)将出现净减少,这意味着不可调度的间歇性发电来源(风能、太阳能等)将在很大程度上填补预期的供需缺口。因此,如果将其转换为太瓦时(“TWh”),预计总发电量将增加 240 TWh,而新的数据中心负载(假设正常运行时间为 99.995% )将增加 123 TWh(14 GW/1000 * 8, 760 小时/年 * 99.995% )。

间歇性发电源的增加与数据中心负载导致的需求增长相吻合,但这也可能导致电网拥塞、输电限制和供应短缺,因为预计电动汽车和国内工业制造等其他行业的负载也将增长。这可能会进一步导致负载互连研究、批准的逐步计划和设施协议推迟,因为电网运营商正在评估美国快速增长的电力需求与发电增长之间的关系。

马克·扎克伯格在最近接受 Dwarkesh Podcast 采访时指出,目前还没有千兆瓦数据中心,“现在的关键是确保能源”,这是 AI 超级计算机竞争中最大的瓶颈。这是一场争夺电力容量的军备竞赛,而拥有大规模电力、连片土地、水和光纤连接的比特币矿企最有可能利用这一大趋势。

虽然比特币挖矿和 AI 数据中心有许多不同之处,但从推向市场的时间角度来看,矿企是最有条件进入 AI/HPC 数据中心市场的。从高压变电站组件到下游中低压配电系统,都与传统数据中心使用的电力基础设施类似。一些电气元件(包括主电力变压器和气体断路器)的交货时间非常长,已经采购这些资产的矿企比面临 3-4 年采购期的新进入者具有竞争优势。

矿企拥有建设下一代全球最大数据中心所需的土地和电力基础设施。数据中心开发商和大规模计算中心可能会开始竞标这些园区,以确保快速获得大规模电力。这一趋势才刚刚开始,CoreWeave 以 10 亿美元收购 Core Scientific 就是一个早期信号。随着传统数据中心市场和主机托管提供商日益饱和,大规模计算中心将被迫向外突破,进一步进入二级和三级市场进行“绿地开发”。

矿企从 2023 年开始涉足 AI/HPC,但 2024 年 6 月的 CoreWeave 和 Core Scientific 200 兆瓦的托管交易仍让业界吃惊。在 AI 热潮之前,这些大型矿企业拥有的“超级场地”仅因其比特币挖矿潜力而被估值。然而,CoreWeave 交易对 Core Scientific 股票价格的影响表明矿企可以从 AI 的趋势中受益。下图显示了相比于专注纯挖矿策略的矿企,采取混合挖矿/AI 方法的矿企获益情况。

不止是挖矿,比特币矿企在AI趋势下实现新增长

这种上行空间之所以存在,是因为截至目前,AI/HPC 的经济效益强劲。如果将其分解为每兆瓦小时(“$/MWh”)的数字,最新一代的比特币挖矿机器产生约 125 美元/兆瓦时(S 21 在哈希价格为 0.053 美元/TH/天时),并随着哈希价格的波动而波动。假设电力成本为 40 美元/兆瓦时,每兆瓦时的毛利润为 85 美元/兆瓦时。相比之下,在 Core Scientific/CoreWeave 交易中,即使在支付了大部分资本支出投资之后,CoreWeave 仍愿意支付固定的 118 美元/兆瓦时,加上 280 兆瓦的电力传输成本(GPU+IT 和机械冷却基础设施),以便 Core Scientific 提供托管服务。

如果市场继续奖励那些追求 AI/HPC 机会的矿企,未来拥有大型场地的纯比特币矿企将会减少,尤其是在哈希价格保持低位的情况下

截至 7 月 22 日,上述图表中的公司(纯挖矿+混合型)的总市值为 282 亿美元。如下图所示,与流入 AI 的资本相比,很难想象未来处于有利地位的矿企不会转向混合型。因为计算需求不断增加,包括亚马逊、微软(Stargate威斯康星州瑞典)、谷歌和其他公司在内的大规模计算中心已宣布未来几年在 AI 领域的巨大增长投入计划。

不止是挖矿,比特币矿企在AI趋势下实现新增长

一些比特币矿企已经从 AI 的趋势中受益。然而,除非矿企证明他们能够大规模建设和运营这些数据中心,否则他们将继续以低于纯数据中心提供商的价格进行交易。

结论

2024 年上半年是比特币挖矿行业的一个决定性时期,同时面临着重大的经济挑战和突破性的发展。尽管挖矿经济达到了历史低点,但面对历史最低的哈希价格和对电力的高需求,挖矿行业表现出了非凡的韧性和适应性。

对于许多公司来说,AI/HPC 与比特币挖矿的融合是一项具有变革性的尝试,其代表许多公司正在寻求如何利用矿业强大但与挖矿不相关的经济优势。

随着 AI/HPC 对电力需求不断增长,电力供应已成为一个明显的瓶颈,因此,拥有大量电力供应的矿企处于有利地位。对于这些矿企来说,在未来保持灵活并朝着最大化股东回报的方向分配兆瓦产能至关重要。

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