从日本模版看香港《宣言》:虚拟资产合规的下一步怎么走?

链得得Published on 2022-11-01Last updated on 2022-11-01

Abstract

香港《宣言》这一深水炸弹让有些沉寂的加密行业迎来转机,从定义到实用监管框架,中国香港地区、新加坡、韩国和日本都是值得相互比较的。

香港《宣言》这一深水炸弹让有些沉寂的加密行业迎来转机,从定义到实用监管框架,中国香港地区、新加坡、韩国和日本都是值得相互比较的。正因为这些细微的差异,带来的市场和前景也是大相径庭。

十月最后一天,香港特区财政司(财经事务及库务局)在2022香港金融周期间发布了《有关香港虚拟资产发展的政策宣言》(下称宣言),可谓深水炸弹。

这次从监管层面发布的《宣言》无疑是一次积极的信号,链得得关注到,本次《宣言》对于加密行业各个名词有了更为严密的定义,以及每个定义中对应的监管框架也更为固定。链得得在昨日的文章中也提到,香港本次使用分布式分类帐技术 (“DLT”)的表述,而不是“去中心化”的表述,代表了依然是技术导向,而不是理念。这也是更与国际接轨的表达方式。

要知道,中国香港、新加坡、日本、韩国一直都在互相借鉴,或者说抄袭技术和监管框架,但是因为市场并未完全放开,国内大环境的掣肘也对香港加密行业进程有一定影响,导致了各国和地区目前对于技术、监管的认知差异很大。接下来,链得得就带大家详细分析一下香港本次的监管框架与世界各国,尤其是亚洲地区的对比及相互借鉴的过程,并通过日韩、新加坡的现状,对加密行业的未来做一定的预测。

—1—

定调:为何不给虚拟资产定义?

《宣言》开始对于虚拟资产称谓的界定,就是暧昧中夹杂了点肯定。正与链得得之前文章中提到的,本次宣言所描述的虚拟资产内涵和外延都比现在狭义的所谓数字货币——比如“比特币”更广泛,甚至要比广义上的虚拟货币都要广泛。这一点其实与日本金融厅在2019年5月31日,所有相关法律对当时还被称为虚拟货币(日语:仮想通貨,英语Cryptocurrency)的名称更换为加密资产(日语:暗号資産,英语crypto-asset)一样,加深公众对加密资产的认知。

而日本对于加密资产的相关法律,从2017年开始的《资金决算法案》、2018年《金融商品交易法案》、到今年大幅度修订的《防止犯罪所得转移法》,日本政府同时还将集体修订《外汇法》和《国际恐怖主义财产冻结法》、《防止犯罪所得转移法》、《打击有组织犯罪、毒品特别法》,进一步对加密资产加强鉴定和约束。具体请参看链得得上个月独家文章:【链得得独家】外力推动下日本连改4部加密资产监管法案。

而事实上,虽然日本也是大陆法系,有成文法的规定,但是受欧美影响也有一定的海洋法系特征,在金融法规和政策方面,更是本着一事一议的原则,对新生事物有极强的包容性。这也是日本能成为加密交易合法市场的最根本原因。

所以,香港本次也跟日本一样,并不对汉字的虚拟资产、英文的crypto-asset这一概念进行定义,主要是其内涵及未来的市场走向无法预估,方便以后进行随时做出调整。这同样也是日本在监管方面面临的一个痛点。

日本加密交易市场目前的法规,比较受限于2017年的初生代《资金决算法案》修正案和随后2018年修订的《金融商品交易法案》,在衍生品交易、发币和上币流程中,有非常多的条条框框的约束。但是,最大的约束来自于日本企业联合组成的自制协会JVCEA的牵制,链得得曾多次指出,日本企业内卷态势中这些获得日本金融厅支持的持牌自治组织的掣肘与互相制衡。具体请参看链得得之前文章:【链得得独家】协会乱立的日本:一家公司要加入多少协会才能在日本开展业务?

但是,协会并不只是会勾心斗角。在任何行业的早期阶段,这些实力雄厚的协会都是规则制定方,因此都会非常热心的推进监管进程。比如在2018年,日本金融厅举办的数字货币交易行业探讨会第8次会议上,行业将当时盛极一时ICO纳入日本现行《资金决算法案》和《金融商品交易法》,并在隔年后2019年促成了日本金融厅正式公布第一个ICO监管条例。日本监管和法规就是这么灵活。

随后在2020年,日本金融厅对于后起之秀稳定币又进行了监管法规的修订,2020年5月生效的《金融商品交易法案》修订案中确定了STO(ST:Security Token)的属性和交易规则。同法规定,STO作为电子有价证券,适用于《金融商品交易法案》。但是,该法案是将加密行业的加密货币排除在外的。具体对于日本稳定币的法规界定请参看链得得之前文章:【链得得独家】日本稳定币市场规模空前,如何打破日本的铁壁铜墙?

所以香港也不会对于这个无限发展的虚拟资产进行定义,而且作为前车之鉴,香港在短期内应该是不太会像日本金融厅这样完全放权给行业自治组织,私营企业可能更多的是在技术上有更多的建树以后才有可能获得香港特区财政司的青睐。

—2—

证监会沙盒试点是香港先行

香港在区块链行业、去中心化金融领域、包括加密行业的发展环境虽然没有新加坡和日韩活跃,但是相比于亚洲其他地方,作为曾经的亚洲金融中心之一的香港有极大的优势和潜力。因此在监管方面的尝试其实很早就有雏形,但是受到地缘政治影响,再加上疫情等复杂的环境,香港不得不选择低调做事。

2016年9月,香港金融管理局推出了金融科技监管沙盒,证监会亦在2017年推出了证监会监管沙盒,对虚拟资产OTC、STO等金融产品进行了试点,在2019年日本金融厅和日本经济新闻网联合举办的Fintech & Regtech summit 2019(金融科技和监管科技峰会2019)中,中国香港派了香港金融管理局 (Hong Kong Monetary Authority)金融科技负责人Nelson Chow前往东京,主持并介绍了香港沙盒监管的雏形。他指出,许多司法管辖区正在运行或引入监管沙盒计划(regulatory sandbox program)。由于金融科技本质上是全球性的,因此国际监管制度也必须灵活地进行自适应。

虽然在随后日本并没有用沙盒这个名字,但实际是在日本金融厅的多项区块链落地实验中,使用者沙盒监管的概念和框架,包括2020年日本金融厅和日本银行进行的CBDC落地实验,都是借助该模型。

但最终将沙盒监管发扬光大的,是新加坡金融管理局。据链得得此前报道,新加坡金管局(Monetary Authority of Singapore,MAS)曾于2019年12月20日在其官网发布了最新的《支付服务商牌照申请指南》,并附上4份申请表格样本,所有交易所必须在2020年2月27日前在线提交申请备案相关文件,逾期申请不予接受。

2021年1月4日,新加坡国会通过《支付服务法修订草案》(Payment Services Act),全面扩大加密货币监管范围。未来新加坡营运数字支付货币(Digital Payment Token ,DPT)服务商,都需持有由新加坡金融管理局颁发的许可证。

而这个许可证制度,是以日本加密资产交易牌照为蓝本设计。所以,这些监管和法规之间的借鉴和反借鉴是非常紧密的。

反过来,新加坡《支付服务法》监管支付型代币中对于4类金融机构的界定,对于本次香港宣言中的交易平台资质申请和牌照发放也有参考价值。香港宣言中明确表示,对虚拟货币和资产的交易平台有望进行牌照发放监管,或将以现有香港资管行业的成熟市场和充沛资金作为链接虚拟资产交易平台的路径之一。

—3—

加密资产(虚拟资产)不断外延的新概念的法规设计

不得不提到的是,层出不清的衍生品交易和新概念如何快速纳入到监管范围内,是每一个国家和地区进行相关法制定是最头疼的问题。前文中提到的ICO、稳定币都在日本《金融商品交易法》修订案中进行软着陆。

而在新加坡2020年5月颁布的《数字代币发售指南》监管证券型代币,补充了《证券与期货法》。MAS对项目具体分析。若机构用加密货币融资,则受到证券法规监管。相信各国/各地区也将会采用这种“兵来将挡水来土掩”的策略,香港地区应该也不会例外。

比如NFT,这个目前势不可挡的新市场,香港宣言中就表示要加快纳入监管体系;而比特币和以太坊的ETF该如何发展,也在本次峰会中被提出;香港此前推出的“绿色债券代币化”,代币价值对应的是香港政府发行的绿色债券价值。

最让人期待和瞩目的是数字法币,即类似中国央行发布的数字人民币一样的数字港币,以成为打通实体世界资产和全球虚拟金融资产的纽带。这一点将会在链得得随后的解读中提到,中国香港地区已经联合中国人民银行、泰国央行、阿联酋央行共同进行了CBDC落地测试,由国际清算银行香港创新中心发布了关于 MBridge项目中期阶段成果来看,数字法币的实现又向前迈进了一大步。

接下来是香港《宣言》中,对于投资者资质方面的讨论。

其实各国监管最担心的还是投资小白去投资市场“送钱”。本次香港宣言中也提到,受限于交易品种和交易门槛,对散户投资者而言,可能依旧有着极高的参与门槛。香港特区证券及期货事务监察委员会(SFC)副行政总裁兼中介机构部执行董事梁凤仪在2022香港金融周演讲中表示,在2022年之前,证监会认为,虚拟资产行业很不成熟,所以规定只有专业投资者可以交易虚拟资产。4年过去了,投资者有了更多的知识和经验,整个生态也更成熟,很多国际金融机构都已经进入这个生态。

这个在日本早期ICO、ETF等交易中,规定只有有资质和股票交易经验超过2年以上的人群才可以进行这类加密资产衍生品交易一样,是对初入投资市场小白的保护,防止残酷的加密市场中出现梭哈后血本无归的悲剧。

这一点其实在韩国加密交易市场更为紧迫,2019年韩国加密市场交易的野蛮发展,给很多非专业投资者和散户带来悲剧和惨案。也因此,2021年9月29日,韩国金融委员会28日宣布,《特定金融信息法实施令》修正案在内阁会议上获得通过。修正案内容显示,加密货币交易所必须制定和实施业务指南,以防止经营者和高管在他们工作的交易所买卖虚拟货币。

但是很明显的是,韩国监管层还在对内幕交易和不正当集资加强管理,对哀鸿遍野的散户和韭菜们关注并不多。

相反,曾是亚洲金融中心的香港,人们对投资和财产管理意识更高,正如梁凤仪指出的,4年过去了,币民应该是成熟的币民了。

—4—

其他亚洲地区的监管进程

链得得还为大家总结了一下亚洲其他国家和地区对于加密资产的监管方面的进程,以供业内人士参考。

印度尼西亚

2021年10月29日,印度尼西亚商品期货交易监管机构 (BAPPEBTI) 为加密货币制定了明确的监管框架。其中规定任何交易的加密资产必须首先获得实体的许可。加密资产必须符合3个基本要求:

1)基于分布式账本技术。

2) 以资产为后盾或以公用事业为基础。

3) 已通过 BAPPEBTI 实施的层次分析过程 (AHP) 进行评估。

自 2019 年以来,印度尼西亚商品期货交易监管机构 (BAPPEBTI) 一直将比特币和其他加密货币作为商品合法化。此类商品可以在官方交易所进行交易。

菲律宾

2022 年 5 月 2 日——菲律宾中央银行 (BSP) 宣布将在今年晚些时候实施其实验性 CBDC 项目。目的是测试仅供银行使用的批发 CBDC。2021 年 1 月 21 日 –货币委员会声称,加密货币在菲律宾不被视为法定货币,任何提供金融服务(如使用虚拟货币进行汇款和交易)的企业都必须在 BSP(Bangko Sentral Pilipinas)注册。

泰国

2022 年 8 月 10 日——泰国中央银行计划修改数字资产法,以加强对交易所和整个加密行业的控制。加密货币也不是泰国商品和服务的合法支付方式。

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What is $BITCOIN

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