美银Hartnett:一切都达到“流动性峰值”,美联储将被迫“投降”,比特币率先嗅探救市信号

华尔街日报Published on 2025-11-23Last updated on 2025-11-23

近期,市场对美联储12月利率路径的判断出现显著分歧。此前,因通胀温和与劳动力数据疲软,市场普遍认为12月再次降息几乎已成定局;然而,美联储近期一系列鹰派表态为这一乐观预期泼下冷水。尽管周五有官员释放鸽派信号,但关于年底货币政策走向的争论仍未平息。

美国银行首席投资策略师Michael Hartnett在最新的“Flow Show”报告中表示,基于当前流动性收紧对多个资产类别造成的冲击,美联储正面临被迫继续降息的压力,而加密货币市场将成为首个感知到央行政策转向的风向标。

Hartnett指出,加密货币、信贷、美元和私募股权等资产均已显现"流动性峰值"信号。过去两年全球央行实施多次降息推动了市场的投机情绪,但近期美联储的鹰派言论令市场对2026年进一步宽松政策产生疑虑。加密货币受到重挫,比特币、以太坊持续下跌,凸显了流动性收紧对风险资产的冲击。

Hartnett预期,当前美股银行股的疲软正释放出与2018年12月相似的信号,流动性敏感板块的持续下跌或将迫使美联储转向宽松政策。回顾2025年,全球央行累计316次降息已催生了一场流动性盛宴,直接推动了AI投资狂热、日股剧烈波动与加密货币投机三大市场现象。

展望2026年,Hartnett预判美联储将重演“政策投降”,被迫开启降息周期。在这一情景下,三类资产将最为受益:一是长期零息债券,其久期优势将直接兑现利率下行带来的估值溢价;二是比特币,作为对流动性嗅觉最为敏锐的资产,历来在救市信号完全落地前就已启动飙升;三是中盘股,这类企业对融资成本最为敏感,在降息兑现后将展现出显著的盈利弹性与补涨空间。

日本债务危机加剧全球流动性担忧

日本正面临债券和日元同步崩盘的危机。30年期国债近两周下跌5%,全年累计跌幅已达12%,创1970年代以来最差表现;日元兑美元汇率逼近160关口,刷新40年低点。

同时,政策层面呈现明显错配。新任日本首相推出规模达GDP3%的大规模财政刺激,而日本央行实际政策利率仍为负2%。这种“宽财政+松货币”组合加剧了日元贬值和国债抛压。

日本国债收益率已突破关键阻力位,与全球债市回暖走势形成鲜明对比。政策制定者陷入两难:若加息控通胀,可能触发股市暴跌;若维持宽松,则本币与国债将继续承压。这场危机正通过套息交易平仓链条向全球蔓延,日债收益率攀升可能引发国际资本回流,冲击美元流动性,进而牵连美股、信用债及加密货币市场。

流动性紧缩信号频现多个市场,美联储政策转向在即

美国中盘股当前呈现出显著的估值与走势背离。尽管估值处于15倍低位,且受益于贸易摩擦缓解及制造业回流趋势,年内表现却持续承压。这一矛盾现象凸显美联储政策调整已显著滞后于市场实际需求。

银行股指数跌破140、券商指数跌破950,这两大对流动性高度敏感的板块历来是政策转向的先行指标。正如2018年12月的市场经验,它们将率先对潜在的流动性宽松做出反应。

Hartnett认为,美联储需要继续降息的信号已经显现。过去两年全球央行累计降息316次,推动了市场的"群体性亢奋",投资者普遍预期2026年将出现更多降息,但美联储近期的鹰派表态引发了部分担忧。

同时,Hartnett强调,当美联储被迫大幅降息时,市场将出现大量投资机会。历史经验表明,央行的政策"投降"往往为风险资产带来显著的重估机会。

加密货币成为政策转向风向标

Hartnett认为,比特币等数字资产将成为感知央行政策变化的"金丝雀",其价格走势将为投资者提供重要的政策预警信号。这一判断基于加密货币市场对流动性变化的高度敏感性和快速反应能力。

尽管加密货币近期遭遇重挫,比特币以太坊双双暴跌,但Hartnett认为加密货币将率先嗅出美联储的救市行动。根据美国银行11月基金经理调查,加密货币仅占机构资产配置的0.4%,但2025年零售资金涌入加密货币市场达到创纪录的460亿美元。衍生品交易目前占加密货币交易量的74%,使其成为流动性和投机的前沿阵地。

机构投资者对加密货币的配置虽然有限,但零售资金的大量涌入显示了市场对流动性宽松的强烈预期。一旦美联储释放政策转向信号,加密货币市场可能率先出现反弹。

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