为什么说 ETH 财库比 Strategy 更能涨?

深潮Опубликовано 2025-08-04Обновлено 2025-08-05

SBET 和 BMNR 双巨头怎么选?

撰文:Penn Blockchain 联合投资总监 Kevin

编译:星球日报 Azuma(@azuma_eth)

尽管加密社区长期以来一直对将传统资产以代币化的形式引入链上充满热情,但近期最重大的进展实际上来自将加密资产反向整合至传统证券中。近期公开市场对于“加密资产财库”型股票的追捧完美诠释了这一趋势。

Michael Saylor 通过 MicroStrategy(MSTR)率先采用了这一策略,使其公司的市值突破了千亿美元,同期涨幅甚至超越了英伟达。我们在关于 MicroStrategy 的专题报告中曾进行过详细分析(对财库领域的新手而言是绝佳的学习资料)。此类财库策略的核心逻辑在于 —— 上市公司能够获得普通交易者无法企及的低成本、无担保杠杆。

最近,市场的关注点已从 BTC 财库扩展到了 ETH 财库,例如由 Joseph Lubin 领导的 Sharplink Gaming(SBET)以及 Thomas Lee 掌舵的 BitMine(BMNR)。

但 ETH 财库真的合理吗?正如我们在 MicroStrategy 分析报告中所论证的那样,财库类公司本质上是在尝试套利底层资产的长期复合年增长率(CAGR)与资本成本之间的差值。在早前的文章中,我们概述了对 ETH 长期年复合增长率的看法:作为一种可编程的稀缺储备资产,随着更多资产迁移至区块链网络,ETH 对维护链上经济安全具有基础性作用。本文将阐释 ETH 财库在大方向上的看涨逻辑,并为采用该策略的企业提供操作建议。

流动性获取:财库公司的基石

代币和协议寻求创建这些财库类公司的主要原因之一,是为代币获取传统金融(TradFi)流动性开辟途径 —— 尤其是在山寨币流动性萎缩的背景下。这类财库公司主要通过三种方式获取流动性来增持资产。值得注意的是,这些流动性 / 债务均属无担保性质,即不可提前赎回。

  • 可转换债券:通过发行可转换为股票的债务融资,所得资金用于购买更多加密货币;

  • 优先股权:通过发行支付固定年股息的优先股来进行融资;

  • 市场发行(ATM):直接在公开市场出售新股,为购买加密货币获取灵活实时资金。

ETH 可转换债券的优势

我们在先前关于 MicroStrategy 的研究中曾指出,可转换债券为机构投资者提供了两大便利:

下跌保护与上涨机会:允许机构在债券固有的保护特性下获得底层资产(如 BTC 或 ETH)敞口;

波动率驱动的套利机会:对冲基金常通过 gamma 交易策略从标的资产及其证券的波动中获利。

其中 gamma 交易者(对冲基金)已成为可转债市场的主导力量,相较于 BTC,ETH 有着更高的历史波动率和隐含波动率。ETH 财库公司发行的可转债(CB)在资本结构中可天然体现这种高波动性,使其对套利者和对冲基金更具吸引力。更重要的是,这种波动性可使 ETH 财库公司能以更高估值发行可转债,获得更优惠的融资条件。

Odaily 注:ETH 和 BTC 的历史波动率对比。

对于可转债持有者而言,更高的波动率意味着通过 gamma 策略获利的机会增加。简而言之,标的资产波动越大,gamma 交易利润就越丰厚,这使得 ETH 财库的可转债较 BTC 财库更具优势。

Odaily 注:SBET、BMNR、MSTR 的历史波动率对比。

但需要注意一个关键前提 —— 若 ETH 无法维持长期的年复合增长,标的资产的增值可能不足以在到期前达到转股条件。此时财库公司将面临全额偿债风险。相比之下,BTC 凭借更成熟的长期表现,其可转债发生这种情况的概率更低 —— 历史数据显示该策略下多数可转债最终都实现了转股。

Odaily 注:ETH 和 BTC 的四年期 CAGR 对比。

ETH 优先股的特殊价值

与可转债不同,优先股专为固定收益类投资者设计。虽然某些可转换优先股具备混合上涨潜力,但对多数机构投资者而言收益率仍是首要考量。这类工具的定价基于信用风险 —— 即财库公司能否可靠支付利息。

MicroStrategy 策略的关键优势在于利用 ATM 发行来支付利息。由于这通常仅占市值的 1-3% ,带来的稀释风险极小,但该模式仍依赖 BTC 和 MicroStrategy 标的证券的市场流动性和波动性。

ETH 则可通过质押、再质押和借贷产生原生收益,这为优先股利息支付提供了更强确定性,理论上应获得更高信用评级。与单纯依赖价格升值的 BTC 不同,ETH 的回报结合了长期年复合增长预期与协议层的原生收益。

Odaily 注:ETH 原生质押年化收益情况。

我提出的创新设想是:ETH 优先股可作为非方向性的投资工具,可让机构在不承担 ETH 价格风险的情况下参与网络安全维护。如我们在 ETH 报告中所强调,保持至少 67% 的诚实验证者对网络安全至关重要。随着更多的资产上链,机构积极支持以太坊的去中心化和安全性变得愈发重要。

许多机构可能不愿意直接做多 ETH,但 ETH 财库公司则可作为中介 —— 吸收方向性风险的同时为机构提供类似固定收益的回报。SBET 和 BMNR 发行的链上优先股正是为此设计的固定收益质押产品,可通过捆绑协议层激励等方式,使其对寻求稳定收益而不想承担全部市场风险的投资者更具吸引力。

ATM 发行对 ETH 财库的特别优势

财库公司的关键估值指标 mNAV(市值与净资产值比率)在概念上类似于市盈率,可反映市场对于每股资产未来增长的定价。ETH 财库因原生的收益机制天然享有更高的 mNAV 溢价 —— 这些活动可在不追加资本情况下产生持续性“收益”或提升每股对应的 ETH 数量。相比之下,BTC 财库公司必须依赖合成收益策略(如发行可转债或优先股),当市场溢价接近 NAV 时难以证明任何收益合理性。

更重要的是,mNAV 具有反身性 —— 更高的 mNAV 使财库公司能通过 ATM 发行的方式更具增值性地筹集资本。它们以溢价发行股票并增持底层资产,提升每股资产价值,形成正向循环。mNAV 越高,价值捕获能力越强,这使得 ATM 发行对 ETH 财库企业尤为有效。

资本获取是另一关键因素。流动性更深、融资能力更广的企业自然能获得更高的 mNAV,而市场准入有限的公司则倾向于以折扣交易。因此,mNAV 通常反映了流动性溢价 —— 即市场对公司有效获取更多流动性的信心的体现。

基于第一性原理筛选财库公司

ATM 发行可被视为向散户融资,而可转债和优先股则通常面向机构投资者。因此成功的 ATM 策略关键在于建立强大的散户基础,这往往需要可信且有魅力的代言人,以及持续透明的战略披露以赢得散户长期信任。相反,可转债和优先股则需要健全的机构销售渠道与资本市场部门的关系。按此逻辑,我认为 SBET 更具散户驱动优势(得益于 Joe Lubin 的领导力和团队在增持每股 ETH 方面的持续透明度),而 BMNR 则凭借 Tom Lee 在传统金融界的深厚人脉更易获取机构流动性。

ETH 财库的生态意义与竞争格局

以太坊面临的最大挑战之一是验证者和质押 ETH 的日益集中(主要在 Lido 等流动性质押协议和 Coinbase 等中心化交易所)。ETH 财库有助于抵消这一趋势,促进验证者去中心化。为增强长期韧性,这些企业应将 ETH 分散至多个质押服务商,并在可能时运营自有验证节点。

Odaily 注:以太坊的质押类别分布。

在此背景下,我认为 ETH 财库公司的竞争格局将与 BTC 财库公司有着本质差异。比特币生态已形成赢家通吃局面(MicroStrategy 持仓是第二大企业持有者的 10 倍以上),凭借着先发优势和强大叙事控制主导了可转债和优先股市场。而 ETH 财库则是从零开始,没有单一主导实体,多个项目并行发展。这种无先发优势的状态不仅对网络更健康,也培育出更具竞争性的加速发展环境。鉴于领跑公司的 ETH 持仓量相近,SBET 与 BMNR 很可能形成双头垄断格局。

Odaily 注:ETH 财库公司持仓情况对比。

估值框架:MicroStrategy 与 Lido 的结合体

广义上看,ETH 财库模式可视为专为传统金融设计的 MicroStrategy 与 Lido 融合体。与 Lido 不同,ETH 财库企业因持有底层资产能捕获更大比例的资产增值,在价值累积方面远优于前者。

这里提供一个粗略估值参考,Lido 目前管理着约 30% 的 ETH 质押,隐含估值超 300 亿美元。我们认为在一个市场周期(4 年)内,SBET 和 BMNR 完全有可能在传统金融资本流动的速度、深度和反身性推动下(如 MicroStrategy 增长策略所示范),合计规模超越 Lido。

再补充一个背景数据,比特币的市值是 2.47 万亿美元,以太坊则是 4280 亿美元(占比特币的 17-20% )。若 SBET 和 BMNR 达到 MicroStrategy 1200 亿美元估值的 20% ,长期价值约为 240 亿美元。目前二者合计估值不足 80 亿美元,随着 ETH 财库的成熟,还有着巨大的增长空间。

结语

数字资产财库的出现与发展,是加密市场与传统金融进一步融合的一项重大演进,ETH 财库正在成为强劲的新势力。以太坊的独特优势(包括更高的可转债波动性和优先股的原生收益)为财库公司创造了差异化的增长空间,其促进验证者去中心化和激发竞争的能力,进一步使其区别于 BTC 财库国债生态。

MicroStrategy 资本效率与 ETH 嵌入式收益的结合,可释放出巨大价值并将链上经济更深推向传统金融。快速扩张和日益增长的机构兴趣则预示着未来几年将对加密和资本市场产生变革性影响。

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