以太坊扩容经济账:将排序收入大头让给 L2,值得吗?

链捕手Опубликовано 2024-09-03Обновлено 2024-09-03

原文来源:Doug Colkitt X 账号

作者:Doug Colkitt

编译:深潮TechFlow

 

这是一篇对数据可用(DA,Data Availability)很好的分析,也是 DA 最合理的牛市推测。然而,我认为 DA 不可能接近 L2 费用的 50%。因为从经济结构上看,排序的价值积累总是远超 DA。

区块链的核心业务就是出售区块空间。由于区块空间在不同链之间难以互换,因此它们几乎形成垄断。

然而,并不是所有的垄断都能获得超额利润。关键在于能否对消费者进行价格区分。

如果不能进行价格区分,垄断利润几乎与普通商品无异。想想航空公司如何区分不在乎价格的商务旅客和精打细算的普通消费者,或者同一款 SUV 在大众、奥迪和兰博基尼品牌下以截然不同的价格出售。

优先费用是区块链中极为有效的价格区分机制。最高优先级的交易支付的费用远远超过中位数。

L2 和 Solana 通过利用排序器的优先级来进行价格区分,实现了高吞吐量和高收入。边际交易支付的费用非常低,从而支持高 TPS,而对价格不敏感的交易则支付了大部分网络收入。

下面是从 Base L2 随机抽取的 5 个区块的交易分布。这呈现出明显的帕累托分布,使得价格区分极为有效。前 10% 的交易支付了 30% 的收入,而后 10% 的交易支付不到 1%。

问题在于,虽然排序器能从中获利,但 DA 层无法参与,因为它没有价格区分的能力。无论是高价值套利交易还是 1 wei 的垃圾交易,在以太坊 DA 上支付的费用都是一样的,因为它们在同一个批次中结算。

由于边际交易的价值非常低,只有当中位数交易能以接近零成本上链时,才能实现高 TPS。但在 DA 层,基本上每笔交易支付的费用都是一样的。DA 层要么有高吞吐量,要么有高收入,但不能同时拥有。

这使得 rollup 几乎无法在不影响以太坊网络收入的情况下进行扩展。以 rollup 为中心的路线图本质上是有缺陷的,因为它放弃了网络中有价值的部分(排序),错误地认为可以通过无价值的部分(DA)来弥补。

我最初对以 rollup 为中心的路线图持乐观态度,因为我认为理智的人会认识到价格区分的经济学,并且它能与 L1 的扩展并行发展。

高价值且对价格不敏感的用户会选择 L1,因为它具有持久性、安全性和最终性,而 L2 则专注于那些因 L1 费用过高而被排除的边际低价用户。因此,以太坊仍能获得可观的排序器租金。

然而,以太坊的领导层反复强调,L1 作为应用层实际上已经不再重要,并且不会扩展。因此,用户和开发者作出了理性的反应,导致 L1 应用生态系统现在逐渐衰退,同时以太坊的网络收入也在减少。

如果你认为 ETH 的长期价值在于作为一种货币资产,那么这可能还是可行的。通过让更多人持有 ETH,使其成为一种具有持久性的货币形式。而通过补贴 L2 而不向基础层积累价值,可能会促进这一点。

但如果你认为 ETH 的长期价值在于作为一个广泛使用的协议中的网络权益(我认为这比 ETH 作为货币更有可能),那么就需要实现价值积累。显然,我们在这一点上由于错误的经济假设而出现了失误。

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