普通用户如何规避交易风险和冻卡风险

MarsBitОпубликовано 2023-11-01Обновлено 2023-11-01

Введение

10 月 25 日晚,上海曼昆律师事务所创始人,专注 Web3.0 区块链法律服务的刘红林律师做客 WEEX 唯客中文官方交流群,结合其本人及团队多年服务区块链机构及个人客户,从事加密货币纠纷、刑事辩护、银行卡解冻、刑事合规、加密基金/项目投融资、企业法律顾问的法务实践,为WEEX用户分享了虚拟货币相关法律知识。

10 月 25 日晚,上海曼昆律师事务所创始人,专注 Web3.0 区块链法律服务的刘红林律师做客 WEEX 唯客中文官方交流群,结合其本人及团队多年服务区块链机构及个人客户,从事加密货币纠纷、刑事辩护、银行卡解冻、刑事合规、加密基金/项目投融资、企业法律顾问的法务实践,为WEEX用户分享了虚拟货币相关法律知识。
一、国内虚拟货币最新监管动向及司法实务
从 2017 年「94」到 2021 年「924」,国内通过划负面清单的方式,对于虚拟货币的监管越来越清晰。对于区块链创业者而言(多数情况下个人玩家和创业者身份重叠),有三件事在国内是不允许的:一是发币,二是提供虚拟货币交易服务,三是挖矿。
前段时间网上流传出来的《全国法院金融审判工作会议纪要(征求意见稿)》(以下简称审判指导意见)也对上述三大负面清单进行了重申,因此预计短期之内不会有较大的政策调整。

虚拟货币


国内司法实务方面:
1)目前法院的意见基本上比较统一,即对于虚拟货币纠纷案件应当受理,公民投资、买卖虚拟货币,或涉虚拟货币类商业纠纷,在法院的框架下是可以进行维权主张的。
2)以虚拟货币为支付对价的纠纷,比如区块链企业以 USDT 或自家项目 token 发放工资,一旦发生劳资纠纷,如果当事人之间已经通过合同约定属于劳务报酬,法院也会支持。如果你是 KOL,为项目方提供服务,已约定了报酬,但对方反悔不给,也可以到法院起诉。
假设对方欠你一万 U,你去索要,但对方没有虚拟货币怎么办?法院可以采取合同签署时受益一方应该所获的价值来进行折算。也即,跟合作伙伴谈合作时,该签的合同还是要签,但前提是所做的事情不能违法。
3)委托投资虚拟货币纠纷如何处理?最新的审判指导意见是,按照时间点划分,2017.9.4(《关于防范代币发行融资风险的公告》成文日期) 之前签署的协议有效,之后签署的协议有违公序良俗,无效。如果涉及到有保本承诺、保底条款的协议,则看具体情况,各地判决不一,通常情况是各打五十大板,双方分摊。
4)关于虚拟货币挖矿纠纷,关键是看合同签订时间和诉讼时间,2021.9.3(《国家发展改革委等部门关于整治虚拟货币“挖矿”活动的通知》成文日期) 之前签署的委托挖矿协议有效,之后如果还在国内投资虚拟货币挖矿,无论是采购设备自挖,还是采购设备后委托他人托管挖矿,都是无效的。对应地,如果在 2021.9.3 之前签订了合同,今天对方如果想以国家政策原因主张解除合同,法院也会支持。
5)个人玩家和投资平台之间发生纠纷,应该怎么判?2017.9.4 之前的玩家,如果有理由、有证据,证明交易所存在恶意拔网线、挪用用户资产等情形,可以起诉,不过已经过去至少 6 年了,基本没啥用。如果发生在今天,因为对方拔网线、恶意砸盘等导致你投资亏损,或购买理财产品亏损的,法院不予支持。这时候只能走刑事控告,但刑事控告门槛较高,建议找专业律师咨询。
6)涉及虚拟货币类案件的判决、执行。判决时,法官要看被执行人钱包里有没有虚拟资产,并将此情况写进判决书/调解协议,以避免判决之后并无虚拟资产导致的执行难问题。如果法院查明对方钱包里没有足够的数字资产,可以鼓励双方协商达成以对应价值的人民币进行支付。
7)涉及虚拟货币的民刑交叉案件。涉及虚拟货币的民事案件,如果法官在处理过程中发现争议双方可能涉及非法 ICO 等刑事事件,应移交公安机关。公安机关做出立案决定前,法院中止审判;公安机关做出立案决定的,法院裁定驳回起诉。这就提醒我们:在起诉前最好找律师咨询一下,评估会不会涉及刑事问题。
二、普通用户如何规避交易风险和冻卡风险?
虽然虚拟货币交易在国内不受鼓励,但也属于公民合法财产,因此如果在买卖 USDT 环节上当受骗,都可以报警,警察一般都会立案。
银行卡被冻结的可以自行申请解冻,但个人直接跟警方沟通效率比较低,成功率也比较低。这种情况下可以委托律师解冻。目前解冻卡业务在行业内已经比较成熟,也比较卷,费用不高。而且一般都采用半风险代理模式,前期费用较低,办理成功后才付剩余律师费。
几个真实案例:
1)今年 6 月,接到一位朋友的电话,朋友在美生活了十几年,最近在网上认识了一位华人,被推荐到某交易所进行投资,后来发现交易所是假的……这个案例提醒我们:投资虚拟货币一定要通过正规途径,通过交易所官网、官方交流群、官方Twitter、苹果/Google Play 官方应用商店下载 App,避免误入仿冒平台。
2)一位上海的朋友,在一家香港的交易所进行虚拟货币买卖,在出 U 环节,对方提出用支票付款,结果朋友放币后,对方却停掉了支票,止付。这对内地用户的警示是:境外支票汇款是可以叫停的,因此,除非你的银行账户收到了钱,否则千万不要放币或确认收款。
3)收到涉及赃款的 U,导致冻卡的情况频发,建议一定要在主流交易平台找主流 OTC 商家,以降低冻卡风险。有条件的用户可以尝试办理海外银行卡,但在办卡环节也需要注意防诈,目前网上以「办理海外银行卡」为噱头的钓鱼诈骗陷阱很多。另外,尽量避免与陌生网友交易。
曼昆曾接到一个客户咨询,自己出 U,把 U 转给了 U 商,U 商又找了个终端买家,让该买家打人民币给客户,但 U 商却没有把 U 转给终端买家。终端买家打钱后未收到 U,遂报警称遭遇诈骗,导致客户的银行卡被冻结。这个案例警示我们:OTC 交易一定要同名同账户,确保打钱、收 U 或打 U、收钱的是同一个人。
三、承德程序员案,对海外虚拟货币投资有何影响?
今年 9 月份曝出河北承德一程序员为海外软件公司服务,因工作需要使用了 VPN,导致 105.8 万元工资被警方定性为「非法收入」罚没。

虚拟货币


关于此事,大家关注的点主要有两个:1)翻墙到底违不违法?2)如果翻墙违法,当地公安有权没收违法所得吗?
对于第一个问题,我的观点一直是:公民个人翻墙上网属于违法行为,但是很少有公安或相关部门去处罚,因为执法「性价比」很低。一般公安会采取「一端端一窝」的手段,打击 VPN 提供者即可。
不过最近曼昆所一位律师写了一篇文章,核心观点是:在当前条件下,利用 VPN 翻墙并不算违法,因为一般人都不是使用「物理通道」翻墙的。
这一观点从法条字面意思来看是有道理的,但从执法实践来看,公安机关对于个人翻墙上网有权进行处罚。不过就过往案例来看,处罚金额通常都不高。
承德程序员案之所以引起广泛关注,主要是因为公安将其劳动所得认定为「非法收入」予以没收,我们认为是不合理的。

虚拟货币


虚拟货币


关于此案对币圈个人用户的影响,个人观点是:几乎没有影响。因为通过科学上网、通过海外其他方式所获得的投资收益,只要不是来自坑蒙拐骗、敲诈勒索等,而是凭自己科学决策获得的虚拟资产收入,在中国法律框架下是受法律保护的。
至于中国公民通过远程办公为海外公司服务获得 USDT 收入,要不要缴纳个税?这也是一个有待讨论的话题,因为从我国税法角度讲,它属于个人合法收入和财产,理应缴纳所得税,但目前没有办法缴纳。这是随着行业发展出现的新的法律问题,未来有待明确和解决。也有报道称,某人投资虚拟货币被相关部门要求缴纳税款,据我们了解这也是真实发生的。当前国内对资金流向、银行卡监管比较严格,20 万元以上的资金流动都会被监管控到。
四、用户问答
Q1:如果银行卡被冻结了,应该怎么解决?
刘红林律师:首先,了解一下冻卡原因,先联系开户行,要到公安的联系方式,再跟公安联络,了解具体情况,看自己是第几层被冻结的,这一点很重要。按照我们了解,五层之内都要被冻卡。
了解冻卡原因之后不用慌,很多办案人员可能会告诉你,买卖虚拟货币是违法行为、你涉嫌帮信罪、掩隐罪等,或者告诉你,有很多赃款打到了你账户,让你全部退掉。其实从法律角度来讲并不一定,这个钱到底是不是赃款、要不要退回,只有经过法院判定才算数。按照我们的经验,如果你确实能够提交一些材料,比如交易平台的订单记录、自己的合理收入证明,表明自己不是 U 商,只是个人玩家,从法律角度来讲是不予评价。
整理相关材料给到公安后,理论上是可以解冻的。但实际情况是,普通用户可能因为材料准备不齐全等原因,很难跟公安沟通好。因此建议找专业律师处理,律师熟悉公安办案思路、内部工作流程,与警方合作经验丰富。假如你确实收到了赃款,如果急需解冻银行卡,退款金额也是可以谈判的,这时候如果有专业律师介入,谈判可能更有优势。
Q2:国内对所有人的 VPN 都有监控吗?普通人使用 VPN,未获得很大赢利,会有什么问题吗?
刘红林:答案是肯定的。但如果只是正常的上网学习、了解资讯,没有传播不法言论,一般问题不大。
Q3:如果被传唤,佣金是不是作为非法所得需要退回?
刘红林:前提要看佣金的来源是什么,如果你是帮一个特别 CX 的项目带货,那么你的收入可能确实属于非法所得。当 KOL 一时爽,但面对一些特别不靠谱的项目时还是需要慎重一些。
Q4:市面上一些虚拟信用卡靠谱吗?
刘红林:个人没有体验过,所以要打个问号。不过据我了解,现在所谓的一些虚拟信用卡,跟传统意义上的信用卡不太一样,有点像是一家公司给你开了个一张卡,实际上你刷卡时扣的是这个公司账户里的钱,所以大家在办卡时需要了解清楚。
Q5:OTC 过程被骗了可以报警追回吗?
刘红林:肯定要报警,否则连追回的可能性都没有。如果你在 OTC 过程中是通过银行卡或支付宝汇款的,可以第一时间联系银行或支付宝,申请对对方账户进行冻结。同时,可以与 OTC 商家所在平台客服联系,获得帮助。

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1.5k просмотров всегоОпубликовано 2026.04.29Обновлено 2026.04.29

Неделя обучения по популярным токенам 14: Glamsterdam — самое ожидаемое обновление Ethereum в 2026 году

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