霍尔木兹海峡,伊朗能“管住”吗?

marsbitPublished on 2026-04-27Last updated on 2026-04-27

Abstract

伊朗迈赫尔通讯社报道,伊朗已就管理霍尔木兹海峡形成综合方案,内容包括:海峡主权归伊朗所有;过航船只须获许可并缴纳费用,优先以里亚尔支付;禁止以色列船只及被认定为敌对国家船只通行;索赔未解决国家船只不予放行。分析认为,伊朗意在加强对美以施压、获取稳定收入并为美伊谈判留余地。然而,该方案面临国际法争议及多国反对,美国已采取封锁反制。实际操作难度大,且可能引发外交压力,方案能否实施仍存不确定性。

据伊朗迈赫尔通讯社 25 日援引一名伊朗议员的话报道,伊朗已就管理霍尔木兹海峡形成一个综合方案。分析人士指出,伊朗此举有多重目的,包括加强对美国和以色列施压、获取新的稳定收入来源等。但对过航船只收费在国际上引发反对之声,美国正以封锁伊朗港口和船只对其施压,伊朗的海峡管控方案能否真正实施仍存不确定性。

这是 2025年 2月 19 日拍摄的霍尔木兹海峡的资料照片。新华社记者 汪强 摄

有何目的

据迈赫尔通讯社报道,上述消息由伊朗伊斯兰议会议员贝赫纳姆·赛义迪透露。伊朗媒体此前曾报道,伊朗议会 5 日审议了关于霍尔木兹海峡治理的多份提案,并决定成立专门委员会制定针对海峡行使管辖权的综合性方案与法律保障文件。

根据赛义迪的说法,综合方案的内容包括:

霍尔木兹海峡的主权将完全掌握在伊朗手中;

该区域内航行的船舶和舰艇必须获得伊朗的许可;

通过该区域的船只须就安全、环境保护、航运管理、许可发放等事项缴纳相关费用,且优先以里亚尔支付;

被伊最高国家安全委员会或武装部队总参谋部认定为敌对国家的船只不得通过霍尔木兹海峡,以色列船只被绝对禁止通过该区域;

对于给伊朗造成损失的国家,相关国家必须先与伊朗就赔偿方式达成协议,伊方才会向其船只发放通行许可。

分析人士认为,该方案透露出伊朗多重目的。

首先,继续对美以施压。伊朗通过管控霍尔木兹海峡这一全球航运要道影响国际油价,既加剧美以通胀压力与经济负担,又促使国际社会呼吁局势降温、畅通航道,令美以在经济、外交上双重承压。不许“敌对国家”船只通行,更是将矛头直指美以。同时,将海峡通行问题与战争赔偿诉求绑定,旨在逼美方在赔偿问题上让步。

其次,为美伊谈判留余地。尽管伊朗对美立场始终强硬,但并未彻底关闭谈判渠道。伊方日前派遣外长阿拉格齐访问巴基斯坦却声称不与美方谈判,但又通过巴方向美方传话,并透露阿拉格齐不久后或重回伊斯兰堡。赛义迪在介绍综合方案时将以色列列为“绝对禁止”对象,但未点名美国,可能暗示美国船只通航可作为谈判筹码。

2026年 4月 25 日,巴基斯坦总理夏巴兹(左)在巴首都伊斯兰堡同伊朗外长阿拉格齐举行会谈。新华社发(巴基斯坦总理办公室供图)

再次,给伊朗提供新的收入来源。有统计显示,如果伊朗对通过霍尔木兹海峡的每桶石油收取 1 美元,以战事爆发前海峡的通航量计算,伊朗每年将获得超过 77 亿美元收入。国际舆论认为,这将成为伊朗抵抗美西方封锁和进行战后重建的重要资金来源。而要求优先以里亚尔支付,则是为避免通行费收入被美元体系限制。

能否实施

关于后续程序,赛义迪说,方案已提交伊朗伊斯兰议会国家安全委员会,一旦议会全体会议恢复将提交议长团,并在全体会议上进行审议。该方案也可能通过最高国家安全委员会批准并发布。

对此,沙特阿拉伯利雅得政治和战略研究中心研究员阿卜杜勒·阿齐兹·沙巴尼分析,通过议会全体会议批准将赋予该方案正式的法律属性,但过程复杂且更易引发国际社会反对。而通过最高国家安全委员会批准发布,则是一种更加灵活且快速的路径,也便于根据局势发展进行调整。

不过沙巴尼认为,从实操角度看,在通航量巨大且有他国军事力量存在的情况下,对所有通过海峡的船只实施全面拦截与收费将非常困难,未来的方案执行更可能是有限和选择性的。

同时,伊朗此举在国际法上存在争议,也引发了不少反对之声。伊朗在这一海上要道征收通行费势必增加通行船只的运输时间和成本,对多国经济产生广泛影响。包括海湾国家在内的全球多国都表示希望霍尔木兹海峡保持通畅。英法两国此前已牵头组建联盟,试图开展多国行动以保障该海峡开放。如果伊朗强行收费,可能面临国际压力和外交被动。

此外,美国正以封锁伊朗港口和船只的方式实施反制。美方已明确表示绝不允许伊朗永久控制海峡、建立收费系统等。如果封锁持续导致伊朗石油存储设施“见顶”,伊朗或被迫停产,而这可能对其石油开采设施造成重大损害。美国还威胁将在国际水域拦截并查验所有向伊朗支付通行费的船只。这可能导致无船通过海峡而伊朗也无法收到通行费。

当然,美国对伊封锁要以巨大消耗为代价,且封锁越久越会影响共和党中期选举选情,美方未必能坚持很长时间。伊朗也可能只是把收费作为与美国交换利益的谈判筹码,未必会真的强推。因此,上述方案是否会实施,会在多大程度上实施,仍存在不确定性。

Related Questions

Q伊朗提出的霍尔木兹海峡综合方案包含哪些主要内容?

A方案包括:霍尔木兹海峡主权完全由伊朗掌控;所有通行船舶和舰艇必须获得伊朗许可;船只需缴纳安全、环保、航运管理等费用,优先以里亚尔支付;禁止以色列船只通行;对造成损失的国家需先达成赔偿协议才发放通行许可。

Q伊朗试图通过该方案实现哪些目的?

A伊朗旨在加强对美国和以色列的施压,通过影响国际油价加剧其经济负担;为美伊谈判留余地,将美国船只通行作为潜在筹码;获取新的稳定收入来源,预计年收入可能超过77亿美元,用于抵抗封锁和战后重建。

Q该方案可能通过哪些程序批准实施?

A方案可能提交伊朗议会全体会议审议以获得法律效力,或通过最高国家安全委员会批准发布,后者更灵活快速且便于调整。

Q国际社会对伊朗收费计划有何反应?

A多国反对该计划,认为其增加航运成本且违反国际法。英法等国组建联盟保障海峡开放,美国已封锁伊朗港口并威胁拦截支付费用的船只。

Q伊朗能否真正实施对霍尔木兹海峡的管控?

A实施存在不确定性:全面拦截收费操作困难且面临国际压力;美国反制可能导致伊朗石油停产或无人付费;伊朗可能仅将收费作为谈判筹码,未必强推实施。

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