OP_RETURN 限制:比特币的任意数据之争

金色财经Published on 2025-07-28Last updated on 2025-07-28

作者:Juan Galt,Bitcoin Magazine;编译:五铢,金色财经

最近几周,比特币行业爆发了一场关于OP_RETURN的争论,目前已席卷了业内大多数讨论空间。这个话题内容丰富复杂,许多人对此都有着强烈的看法。

OP_RETURN是比特币脚本语言中的一个操作码,用于存储与比特币交易验证无关的元数据或任意数据。因此,节点运行者可以对其进行修剪,而不会产生太大问题,从而更有效地管理垃圾邮件,同时为开发者提供一个可控的环境来将数据锚定在链上。

为了减少垃圾邮件的危害,OP_RETURN争议最近由Peter Todd提交给比特币核心代码库的拉取请求引发。该更新的支持者试图通过删除内存池策略规则(将OP_RETURN中的任意数据限制为80字节)来取消对可放入OP_RETURN中的任意数据量的限制。因此,这将限制提升至共识区块大小上限,即非隔离见证数据1MB。他们认为,这种限制已不再能有效阻止垃圾邮件,反而会导致更有害的行为,例如在 UTXO 中填充数据,从而损害节点运行者的利益。

此外,该提案还删除了 datacarrier 标志,这是一个配置选项,允许节点运行者根据 OP_RETURN 携带的任意数据量,选择从其本地内存池中过滤哪些交易。

由 Luke Dashjr 领导的反对派不仅希望保留 OP_RETURN 限制和 datacarrier 大小,还提议进一步限制比特币内存池中的任意数据和“非货币”交易的政策。

双方阵营普遍认为,比特币上的任意数据对网络不利。他们也认为过滤器不可能过滤所有类型的垃圾邮件。他们分歧在于这些过滤器在减少垃圾邮件方面的有效性。他们还就从网络中强制或移除这些过滤器的后果、它们对节点运行成本的影响以及它们对挖矿中心化的影响存在分歧。

作者注:当然,并非所有 OP_RETURN 变更的支持者都认同所有支持该拉取请求的论点,也并非所有反对者都认同所有反对该请求的论点。本文只是对各种论点的概括(可能并不完整)。

支持移除 OP_RETURN 大小限制

这项由 Peter Todd 牵头,并得到了众多 Bitcoin Core 贡献者的支持的提案,代表着一种减少比特币垃圾数据和任意数据危害的方法。

Todd 认为,当前的 OP_RETURN 限制最初是在十多年前设立的,旨在为垃圾数据发送者提供一个安全可控的任意数据空间,但现在已不再适用,因为一些公司和爱好者开发了直接面向矿工的私有内存池,例如 MARA 的 Slipstream,可以绕过内存池策略。

OP_RETURN 限制是在中本聪离开后设立的,旨在保护网络免受类似垃圾数据的影响,但当时的时代与现在截然不同,那时的区块很少满,更不用说高手续费的环境了。当时几乎没有任何工具可以进行区块修剪,而且软件效率非常低下。过去十年来,许多优化措施已经实施,它们的累积效应影响着这场争论。

因此,OP_RETURN 限制在最初创建时更为有效,也更难绕过。如今,NFT 和任意数据爱好者雄心勃勃的项目,迫于当前内存池限制的压力,不得不放弃 OP_RETURN 空间,转而将任意数据塞入 UTXO 集。与 OP_RETURN 或 SegWit 空间(这些空间可以合理地从节点中移除)不同,UTXO 集通常存储在 RAM 中,这是最昂贵的内存形式。UTXO 集需要由节点处理,以验证货币供应量并能够验证新交易的完整性,这是运行节点的基本要素,如果没有这些要素,主节点将失去其大部分价值主张。因此,UTXO 数据塞入会增加初始区块下载、整体同步时间和硬件要求,从而给节点运行者带来巨大的成本,最终损害比特币网络的去中心化。

最后,支持者认为矿工是“理性的经济行为者”,这是一个经济学术语,指为了在竞争激烈的市场中生存,矿工需要尽可能地优化利润。因此,如果挖掘符合共识的非标准交易能给他们带来优势,他们就会抓住机会。

早在2023年,Luke Dashjr就提出了一项变革,试图将数据载体内存池策略应用于隔离见证和Taproot的任意数据(例如铭文),从而进一步限制垃圾邮件发送者的选项。Peter Todd反对这项PR,他解释说:“本次拉取请求所针对的交易是矿工非常重要的费用收入来源。矿工不太可能放弃这一收入来源。审查这些交易只会鼓励私人内存池的发展——这对小矿工有害——同时降低费用估算的可靠性。”

支持移除数据载体标志

Todd 的拉取请求除了移除 OP_RETURN 限制外,还做了另一件事:它还从节点运营商的配置选项中移除了数据载体标志。比特币核心节点软件的用户可以根据名为数据载体标志的配置选项来控制通过其节点中继的交易,该选项专门用于控制 OP_RETURN 中的数据量,目前默认值为 80 字节的任意数据。

支持者认为,该标志现已过时,并且像矿池 MARA 的 Slipstream 程序或 Todd 的 Libre Relay 这样的工具的普及简化了共识有效交易的纳入,即使这些交易不符合内存池策略的“标准”。

共识有效的非标准交易与内存池策略规则(例如 OP_RETURN 限制)相冲突,但并不违反任何共识规则,因此只要矿工能够知晓该交易,就可以直接将其纳入比特币。支持者认为,此类系统已经淘汰了备受争议的过滤器,使得数据载体标志变得无关紧要,尤其是在取消默认的 OP_RETURN 大小限制之后。

支持者认为,该标志只会给用户一种掌控的错觉,是一种“枪法”——一种极易被滥用的工具——在这种情况下对用户毫无用处。

最后,将数据载体标志与 OP_RETURN 限制一起移除可以消除 Bitcoin Core 反复出现的冲突和争议点,因为支持过滤器的比特币极端主义者并非唯一对此事有意见或有能力在互联网上集结力量反对拉取请求的人。

2023 年,有人向 Bitcoin Core 发出了拉取请求,试图更改围绕路由裸多重签名交易的默认内存池策略。这是一个古老的标准,如今被 Stamps 等 NFT 协议使用,以确保其任意数据能够轻松进入链上,并且更妙的是,无法轻易被修改。这项拉取请求迅速演变成“垃圾邮件发送者”和支持者之间的网络口水战,导致其与比特币核心的整合暂停,就像上周 Todd 的拉取请求一样。

他们认为,通过移除数据载体标志(支持者认为这无关紧要),这类闹剧就可以平息,比特币核心贡献者也可以将精力集中在其他更紧迫的问题上。

反对移除 OP_RETURN 大小限制

反对派——俗称“过滤者”(Filterors)——由比特币核心的长期贡献者 Luke Dashjr 领导。他们认为,移除 OP_RETURN 大小限制是对垃圾邮件发送者的投降,完美的过滤器并非必需,仅仅是过滤行为就向那些希望在比特币基础上构建任意数据依赖系统的公司或项目发出了这样的信息:去别处构建,或者寻找更好的方法。

他们认为,比特币只是一个货币交易网络,任何超出该定义的内容都是垃圾邮件。在他们看来,货币交易是指比特币交易,其目的仅在于在两个用户之间转移以比特币计价的价值,并以链下转移商品和服务作为回报。

据闪电网络开发者兼 Bitcoin Knots 支持者 Chris Guida 称,比特币上的货币交易大致有两种正式定义。

“我认为实际上存在两种不同的定义:一种定义是关于交易是否真正使用比特币作为支付渠道,而不是一个诈骗‘产品’的数据库,”他指的是NFT,并补充道,“另一种定义实际上是‘它是否符合OP_RETURN中的40/80字节’。如果这两种标准都不适用,他们就会将其视为垃圾邮件。”

用于在比特币之上锚定第二层协议的NFT交易或任意数据,从这个意义上来说不算是货币交易,因此被视为垃圾邮件,即使这些第二层协议可能正在进行各种金融交易。

此外,过滤器支持者认为,比特币核心应该积极寻找方法来阻止这种行为。他们认为,垃圾邮件发送者转向UTXO填充,这证明过滤器有效,因为压力实际上促使他们寻找其他方式向网络发送垃圾邮件。换句话说,如果过滤器不起作用,那么垃圾邮件发送者就不会寻找更昂贵的领域来构建他们的垃圾邮件系统,例如UTXO集。

因此,OP_RETURN 的限制不仅应该保留,还应该进一步缩减,或许应该恢复到历史的 40 字节。此外,数据载体标志应该扩展,以管理隔离见证和 Taproot 交易。这两种交易在区块大小限制范围内不受限制,并且正被垃圾邮件发送者利用,其中最突出的就是 Inscriptions 攻击。

最后,过滤者们确认,像 Todd 的 Libre Relay 或 MARA 的 Slipstream 这样的系统可以通过多种方式对抗,如果比特币核心继续沿用目前的发展路径,他们也不会轻易放弃。因此,人们对比特币结(Bitcoin Knots)的兴趣日益浓厚。比特币结是由 Luke Dashjr 等人维护的比特币的替代实现,旨在让比特币用户能够根据自己的意愿运行过滤器,并对抗垃圾邮件。截至本文撰写时,根据 Luke 的网络分析,超过 5% 的比特币节点正在运行比特币结。

反对移除数据载体标志

过滤者和比特币结 (Bitcoin Knots) 的爱好者也从原则上捍卫数据载体标志。他们认为,只要数量足够,协调的节点运行者就能成功过滤特定类型的垃圾邮件,甚至主张扩展数据载体标志的管辖范围,正如 Luke Dashjr 在 2023 年提交的拉取请求中所体现的那样。在该请求中,隔离见证 (SegWit) 和 Taproot 任意数据存储功能也将受到节点运行者控制的数据载体标志的限制;而目前情况并非如此。

这一点尤其引起了许多人的共鸣,越来越多的比特币用户正在运行比特币的比特币结 (Bitcoin Knots) 实现,该实现包含此类内存池策略变更,同时保留了所有其他比特币核心代码。

一些比特币结点 (Bitcoin Knots) 的支持者,例如 Chris Guida,开始讨论用户控制的中继策略或“模块化过滤器”。这些过滤器可以通过重构内存池策略代码来创建,并根据某些主动管理的模板进行更新——这是一种用户可以从提供商处选择的自动化垃圾邮件过滤算法。

在 X 上,他辩称:“人们常说,过滤垃圾邮件是一场‘猫捉老鼠的游戏’,而过滤器在某种程度上处于劣势。

我认为这很荒谬。我们可以像新的可互换代币元协议创建新的交易格式一样快地创建过滤器,甚至在它们上线主网之前。”

尽管过滤器的支持者也承认垃圾邮件控制存在局限性,但他们坚持认为,对垃圾邮件相关软件系统和商业模式保持敌对环境是一件好事,需要维护这种环境来阻止不良行为,即使那些对价格不太敏感的版本仍然会直接发送给矿工,并付费将其打包成块。

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