若鲍威尔怂了、美联储提前降息,对市场意味着什么?

华尔街见闻Published on 2025-07-02Last updated on 2025-07-02

Abstract

美联储的鸽派转向可能成为风险资产的顺风因素

美联储何时降息正成为市场焦点。

近日,高盛分析师Vickie Chang发布研究报告,详细分析了美联储可能提前实施货币宽松政策的四种情景及其跨资产影响。报告显示,无论在何种情景下,美债收益率下跌和美元走弱都将是主要趋势。

自4月末以来,市场对经济增长的预期有所提升,同时对美联储的宽松政策押注也在增加。尽管夏季强劲的就业数据和高通胀可能挑战市场对降息的定价,但如果未来一两个月通胀数据持续向好,市场或将进一步押注更早、更深的降息。

这一转变已在近期显现,市场开始更明显地定价美联储宽松政策。高盛分析师Vickie Chang指出,降息预期的增强可能源于通胀改善或美联储对关税影响“暂时性”的信心增强,其对资产价格的影响将取决于经济增长的背景。

分析师指出,在所有情景中,收益率下跌、美元走弱以及黄金上涨具有一致性,而股市方向则高度依赖于经济增长前景的判断。

情景一:通胀风险下行驱动降息

在这一情景中,假设通胀数据持续好于预期,或美联储确信关税相关影响为临时性,市场将2年期美债收益率下调25个基点。

市场反应方面,股市上涨,债券收益率下降,收益率曲线变陡,美元全面走弱。

从波动率调整后的表现看,标普500指数的上涨和美债收益率的下行最为显著。

情景二:增长预期下降驱动降息

若美国经济增长预期下调50个基点,降息预期将完全由增长疲软驱动。

这种情况可能因劳动力市场和经济活动数据的进一步恶化而发生,尤其是在市场难以相信关税对经济的损害有限时。

在此情景下,股市和债券收益率均下跌,收益率曲线变陡,美元整体略微走弱,但对储备货币和避险货币的弱势最为明显。

波动率调整后,标普500指数下行、VIX指数上行及美债收益率下行是最大变动方向。

情景三:鸽派政策+增长预期下调

此情景结合了鸽派政策冲击和负面增长冲击,市场同时定价美联储宽松和增长预期下调。

美国股市小幅下跌,债券收益率跌幅超过前两种情景,收益率曲线变陡,美元全面走弱。从波动率调整角度看,收益率下降是最显著的变动。

情景四:鸽派政策+增长预期上调

在这一情景中,市场既定价美联储宽松,又将美国经济增长预期上调50个基点。

风险资产表现最为强劲,股市显著上涨,债券收益率略有下降(受鸽派政策和增长增强的双重影响平衡),美元整体温和走弱,对周期性货币的弱势最为明显。波动率调整后,股市上涨和VIX指数下行最为突出。

收益率下跌、美元走弱以及黄金上涨具有一致性

高盛总结称,从四种情景推演来看,收益率下行、欧元/日元/瑞郎走强及黄金上涨在各类情景中表现较为一致;其次,股市方向取决于对增长预期的准确判断,风险货币对美元的强弱亦是如此。

高盛还补充称,鸽派政策叠加正增长情景下,股市上涨是最佳表达,而鸽派政策叠加负增长情景下,收益率下行最具吸引力。

此外,市场已开始定价美联储宽松,若数据配合,这种趋势可能进一步延续。

高盛的增长基准分析显示,当前市场对增长的定价略高于其1年期预测,但若市场转向2026年增长展望,仍有上行空间。然而,增长和就业数据的明显疲软可能重新点燃增长担忧,成为推动降息预期的另一路径。

高盛认为,若增长背景稳固,美联储的鸽派转向可能成为风险资产的顺风因素,尽管当前增长预期较4月已显得较为充分。

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