BitMEX Research:以Babylon为例探讨比特币Taproot升级的成功

Odaily星球日报Published on 2024-10-21Last updated on 2024-10-21

Abstract

与Ordinals不同,Babylon并非以琐碎方式使用Taproot,而是更贴近比特币开发者的初衷。

原文作者:BitMEX

摘要:我们研究了 Babylon,这是一个已吸引近 24, 000 枚比特币的质押项目。我们将 Babylon 与另一个 BTC 质押项目 CoreDAO 进行了比较,并注意到 Babylon 对 Tapscript 的独特应用。值得一提的是,与 Ordinals 不同,Babylon 并非以琐碎方式使用 Taproot,而是更贴近比特币开发者的初衷。我们最终得出结论:无论人们对 Babylon 和新兴比特币质押系统持何种看法,Babylon 的实践都支持了这一观点——Taproot 是比特币一次巧妙而令人印象深刻的升级。尽管一些人最初期望不高,但 Taproot 正在证明其成功。

概述

继我们 2024 年 8 月关于比特币第二层和 CoreDAO的文章之后,本文我们将聚焦另一个表面上的比特币"L2",Babylon。截至撰写本文时,这个比特币质押系统锁定的资金甚至超过了 CoreDAO,接近 24, 000 个比特币。这价值超过 16 亿美元。与 CoreDAO 一样,Babylon 实际上并不是一个比特币的二层网路,而应该被视为一个系统,在这个系统中,人们可以使用比特币的时间锁定功能锁定比特币,并作为回报,在其他替代币中赚取收益。

Babylon Labs

尽管已有 24, 000 BTC,高达 16 亿美元的 TVL,但 Babylon 区块链或质押系统尚不存在,目前仍在开发中。目前,大户似乎正在因赚取奖励积分而质押。该平台得到了一批令人印象深刻的加密货币风投的支持,并与币安有关联,这可能解释了该平台如何能够吸引如此多的资金。该平台还旨在将自己定位为比特币版的 EigenLayer。Babylon 想要成为比特币中的 EigenLayer。Babylon 正在开发的许多文化和想法似乎源自以太坊生态。EigenLayer 的核心理念是重复质押,这使得同一批币可以同时在多个系统中质押,以获得更高的收益。

我们不会评估重复质押概念本身或 Babylon 的质押协议或潜在的 Babylon 区块链,与我们的 CoreDAO 文章一样,我们将专注于比特币方面的内容。

质押机制和 Taproot

与 CoreDAO 一样,要在 Babylon 中进行质押,你需要创建一个自定义的复杂交易,本质上是将你自己的比特币发送给自己。你添加一个自定义的 OP_Return 输出,提供有关质押的详细信息,例如将使用哪个验证者以及将奖励发送到哪里。

以下是一个 Babylon 质押交易的示例:

BitMEX Research:以Babylon为例探讨比特币Taproot升级的成功

与 CoreDAO 相比,开启质押本身的合约并无特别之处。第一个输出 0.05 BTC 被质押,第三个输出是找零,中间输出是 OP_Return。Babylon 团队告知,许多交易所不得不升级其比特币钱包,以使客户能够将比特币发送到具有 Bech 32 m 格式地址的 P 2 TR 输出。

然而,当质押的比特币需要从 Babylon 赎回时,Taproot 的魔力开始显现。可以在此处查看来自同一地址bc1plwj4z6et3hfn73uvw4gza09xqmc8hwq87fc8z2ntmh9v98q27ftsv5qhux的赎回交易。赎回过程揭示了 Babylon 利用了 Tapscript 和 Taproot 树中的多个支出路径。下图展示了从质押系统"协作退出"时所揭示的信息。需要注意的是,要从 Taproot 树中赎回比特币,必须满足恰好一个叶子节点的条件,并通过哈希值展示到 Merkle 根的路径。

Babylon 质押者的 Taproot 赎回演示 - 正常协作退出时可见的部分

BitMEX Research:以Babylon为例探讨比特币Taproot升级的成功

在上述赎回情况中,两条转账路径被隐藏,并且需要提供两个额外的哈希值才能到达 Merkle 根。选定的转账路径要求质押者签名,还要有 9 名 Babylon 联盟成员中的 6 名成员的多签。这个支出条件本质上是 1-of-1 和 6-of-9 的组合。

通过研究 Babylon 的协议规范并分析其他交易,我们能够绘制出完整的 Taproot 树图,包括所有支出路径。下面的树图展示了三种赎回场景。

Babylon 质押者的完整 Taproot 赎回树图

BitMEX Research:以Babylon为例探讨比特币Taproot升级的成功

1. 时间锁定 - 这一场景需要质押者的签名和 OP_CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY(OP_CSV)操作码。时间锁定期为 15 个月。这允许质押者在不依赖联盟的情况下取回资金。此路径在树中处于较高分支,允许更高效的赎回。

2. 按需解锁- 这被认为是正常或协作赎回场景,需要质押者的签名和联盟的批准。这类似于闪电网络中的协作退出。

3. 罚没 - 这是最后一种场景,与解绑情况类似,但需要"最终性提供者"的额外签名。我们将在下一段中详细讨论这一点。

罚没机制

我们批评 CoreDAO 没有罚没机制,因此将 CoreDAO 称为"假质押"。然而,Babylon 凭借其 EigenLayer 和以太坊质押的技术背景,相信罚没机制可以在比特币中实现。

在某种程度上,我们认为,Babylon 选择了一条更艰难的道路,虽然只有实施罚没才能构建一个更可持续的协议,使其收益和网络安全"不那么虚假"。然而,正如我们所解释的,Babylon 的收益生成系统实际上还不存在,因此目前也不存在罚没,但在 Taproot 树中仍有一个赎回路径。因此,Taproot 树中的第三个赎回路径目前尚未实施,因为还没有区块链或最终性代理。Babylon 的设想是,一旦系统上线,质押者将需要预先签署罚没赎回的路径,那就是比特币将转到由他人控制的比特币地址或可能被销毁。这些资金可能发送给谁尚未由 Babylon Labs 确定。如果质押者已预先签署了第三条路径,那么就存在真正的交易对手风险。但在它保持未签署状态时,比特币质押者可以认为 Babylon 是"无风险的"。

罚没机制上线后,如果第三条路径未被质押者预先签署,那么该质押将不被视为有效的,也不会获得任何奖励。我们认为这是一个小缺陷,因为比特币区块链的观察者无法判断它是否是有效的质押存款。然而,目前由于这还未上线,不需要这种预先签署。因此,**目前,babylon 与 CoreDAO 一样,质押是无对手方风险的。你总是可以在不依赖任何人的情况下取回你的比特币(尽管锁定时间更长)。**因此,目前,这可能是在系统上线前质押比特币的好地方,尽管你能因此获得多少 babylon 的代币奖励是不确定的。

对比特币核心开发者的批评

比特币核心开发者和协议工程师们近年来受到了一些方面的批评,主要的批评来自他们没有给比特币实施新的协议升级或添加足够多的新功能。此外,还有一些批评者声称,比特币开发者与加密行业脱节,即使比特币添加了新功能,这些功能也没有人在乎或使用。

我们认为,Babylon 对 Taproot 的使用是的有力反驳上述批评的证据。**在我们看来,Taproot 实际上是一个相当聪明的升级,能够实现许多新的自定义支出条件,而不会增加下行风险。**隐藏树的未使用部分有助于提高隐私性和可扩展性。此外,Taproot 的采用指标非常强劲,比我们几年前预期的要强得多。截至今天,近 100, 000 个比特币存储在 Taproot 输出中。

存储在 Taproot 中的比特币

BitMEX Research:以Babylon为例探讨比特币Taproot升级的成功

结论 - Taproot 是成功的

谁能想到默克尔化抽象语法树这个最初由比特币工程师 Johnson Lau 在 2013 年在 BitcoinTalk 论坛上提出,并在2016 年正式化的想法竟然真的被引入比特币并取得成功?

仅 Babylon 就利用 taproot 的功能吸引了 16 亿美元的 TVL。而且其使用的方式也并非琐碎,不像存储 Ordinals 相关的图像那样被一些人认为有点愚蠢,相反,这些脚本路径实际上正在被使用,而且涉及大量资金。

另一方面,许多读者可能会质疑权益证明(POS)的基本功效,而再质押则更难理解。实际上,流动性质押和再质押可能是权益证明系统根本问题的体现。一些读者可能也认为 Babylon 有点像山寨币,因为比特币质押者正被激励去赚取尚不存在的代币奖励。然而,Taproot 的采用必须从某处开始。需要投入资本来构建 Taproot 脚本系统,并且需要 Taproot 脚本使用的例子供他人效仿。也许有一天,不依赖于代币奖励或搭建 PoS 的项目方也能效仿。

然而,无论人们对 Babylon 有何看法,Taproot 正在被使用,并且毫无疑问地证明了它是一个巧妙的想法,而且是成功的。考虑到比特币开发者所面临的各种限制,他们还能够实现这一点不得不说是令人钦佩的。

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