美国与AWS:以太坊合并后的严重“中心化”问题

吴说区块链Published on 2022-09-13Last updated on 2022-09-13

Abstract

激动人心的以太坊合并终于要来了,合并预计于 9 月14 日至 15 日进行。

激动人心的以太坊合并终于要来了,合并预计于 9 月14 日至 15 日进行。

在我们准备进入以太坊权益证明(PoS)的新世界之时,一起来回顾与权益相关的关键指标。

考察的指标包括:

存款余额

验证者分布

节点分布

客户端分布

存款金额

信标链存款合约是现在整个以太坊网络中最大的 ETH 单一持有者,持有 11.3% 的ETH。

以太坊的顶级账户

在 2021 年逐渐下降之后,合约的存款总额在 2022 年 3 月飙升至有史以来最高点, 这样的势头保持到 5 月中旬后再次放缓。

按持有实体对数据进行分组显示,额外的存款几乎完全来自 Lido,这得益于与 Aave 等关键集成的推动。这让Lido 成为了头部验证者。在 5 月份接近总质押的 33% 时,Lido 进行了自我限额——从 6 月开始的存款很少。

验证者分布

当然,Lido 对质押份额的快速收割导致了对以太坊去中心化的担忧。乍一看,似乎仅 Lido 就占了近 1/3 的股份,只有 3 个实体就占了以太坊验证者的 50% 以上。

按实体划分的顶级存款人

这与以太坊工作量证明(PoW)相比如何?在以太坊 PoW 中,仅三个矿池就占哈希率的 50%以上。

排名前25位的矿工

自从 OFAC 将 Tornado Cash 加入制裁地址名单后,关于潜在审查的讨论在以太坊社区内一直很热闹。一些人担心,如果验证者受到其管辖范围内的当局的强制措施,以太坊协议本身就会受到审查。

让我们看一下按司法管辖区划分的存款人。从公司注册中推断前 50 名已知实体的管辖范围,我们发现近 1/3 的验证者位于一个管辖范围内(美国)。

需要注意的一件事是,占美国市场近一半的 Coinbase 已承诺在情况需要时关闭质押,而不是审查交易。

节点分布

对中心化的类似担忧是关于节点的分布。三个独立的数据来源显示,美国和德国占所有节点的50% 以上。

Etherscan节点跟踪统计

Eth2 Nodewatch

Ethernodes

对于托管节点,数据结果很不一致。Eth2 Nodewatch 报告 75% 的节点是非托管的,而 Ethernodes 报告的几乎完全相反——70% 的节点是托管的。

深入挖掘 Ethernodes 的托管节点编号,我们发现其中绝大多数位于美国和德国,这与上面的地理数据一致。

Ethernodes托管节点分布

质押服务提供商可能希望考虑使其节点分布多样化,以确保自己和网络具有更好的稳定性!

客户端分布

分布的另一个重要方面是共识层和执行层的客户端多样性。运行特定客户端的节点过多,可能会危及整个链的活动失败,并在该客户端遇到错误时,对运行该客户端的所有验证程序造成损失。

在这一点上,共识层分布有了很大的改善。几个月前,Prysm占所有共识客户端的75%。今天,客户端多样性估计只有30-43%。在理想情况下,没有一个客户端应该拥有超过1/3的份额。

在 clientdiversity.org 的共识层客户端分布

客户端多样性的运行仍然是一个重大挑战。虽然 Erigon 和 Nethermind 等客户端一直在改进,但 Geth 仍然是大多数节点所依赖的客户端。如果 Geth 出现严重错误,所有将其用于执行层的验证者都将面临对其权益的惩罚。

在 clientdiversity.org 的执行层客户端分布

正如本文所看到的,以太坊去中心化的稳健性工作正在进行。除了这些去中心化指标之外,以太坊网络的最后一个防御层是其社区。如果发生对链的攻击,并且上述指标不足以防范它,社区可以支持社交削减来分叉以太坊,移除攻击方的权益,继续我们的以太坊生活。

Trending Cryptos

Related Reads

Bitcoin Falls Below $60,000 Again; After 20 Months, We've Reached a New Low

Bitcoin Drops Below $60,000, Hitting a 20-Month Low Bitcoin fell below the key $60,000 psychological level again, reaching a low of $59,023—its lowest point in approximately 20 months, dating back to October 2024. While it later recovered slightly to around $60,600, this marks its third significant breach of $60,000 this year. The downturn is attributed to two primary factors. First, U.S. spot Bitcoin ETFs are experiencing their longest streak of net outflows since launch, with nearly $5.94 billion withdrawn over 30 days. This creates sustained selling pressure as Authorized Participants sell Bitcoin to meet redemptions. Second, shifting macroeconomic expectations are adding pressure. Strong U.S. job data and hawkish remarks from Fed officials have increased market pricing for potential rate hikes, reversing the earlier liquidity-driven bullish sentiment and prompting a shift away from risk assets like Bitcoin. Analyst views are mixed. 21Shares maintains a bullish long-term outlook, expecting prices to recover towards $100,000, citing historical post-halving cycles and substantial ETF holdings as a base. In contrast, Arthur Hayes predicts a potential bottom around $40,000 within six months due to persistent Fed hawkishness. CryptoQuant suggests, based on on-chain data, that the market may not find a bottom until prices fall below the average investor cost basis around $53,000, potentially extending the bearish phase into late 2026 or early 2027. The immediate focus is on upcoming U.S. inflation data and Fed signals. Lower-than-expected CPI could offer relief, but confirmation of sticky inflation or continued ETF outflows may lead to further downside pressure. Bitcoin's ability to hold above $60,000 remains a critical test for the near-term market direction.

Odaily星球日报23m ago

Bitcoin Falls Below $60,000 Again; After 20 Months, We've Reached a New Low

Odaily星球日报23m ago

When Billions Begin to Operate Everything by Voice, How Far is ‘All Assets on Chain’?

In June 2026, WeChat began a limited rollout of "Xiaowei," its native AI assistant. This move is more than an upgrade to a smarter chatbot; it signals a crucial step from "universal internet access" toward the broader vision of "full asset tokenization." Xiaowei, powered primarily by WeChat's in-house WeLM model, demonstrates four key capabilities: 1) direct voice/web chat control of app functions, 2) automated access to mini-programs for services, 3) instant comprehension and summarization of complex documents like PDFs, and 4) generating functional mini-program prototypes from simple natural language requests. This represents a fundamental shift from GUI (Graphical User Interface) to LUI (Language User Interface), eliminating friction in human-digital interaction. The rollout is pivotal because it brings AI Agents to China's massive user base with zero friction—no new app downloads or accounts needed. This "seamless access" mirrors past platform revolutions like the App Store or WeChat Mini-Programs, potentially unlocking a global AI Agent market projected to grow from $7.92 billion in 2025 to nearly $295 billion by 2035. The article argues that China's internet evolution has moved from "connecting everyone" to "putting all services online." The next phase is "tokenizing all assets"—a concept broader than just Real World Assets (RWA) like real estate. It encompasses tokenizing personal assets like social influence, attention, and credit history. RWA tokenization itself is forecast to explode from $35 billion in 2025 to over $500 billion in 2026. The convergence of ubiquitous AI Agents and rapidly tokenizing assets points to a future paradigm for wealth management. Your AI Agent could autonomously manage a globally diversified, tokenized portfolio based on your preferences. Initiatives like EXIO Group's full-stack RWA services aim to lower investment barriers, paralleling WeChat's democratization of AI access. In conclusion, the launch of Xiaowei is not merely a technical upgrade but a historic inflection point. It marks AI Agents' transition from niche tools to essential utilities and accelerates the movement toward a future where voice commands seamlessly interact with tokenized value, redefining humanity's relationship with the digital and financial worlds.

marsbit1h ago

When Billions Begin to Operate Everything by Voice, How Far is ‘All Assets on Chain’?

marsbit1h ago

SoftBank CEO Masayoshi Son's New Trillion-Dollar "Gamble"

SoftBank founder Masayoshi Son is embroiled in a new trillion-dollar "bet" on Physical AI and humanoid robotics, even as his massive wager on OpenAI faces uncertainty ahead of its potential IPO. Recent reports reveal OpenAI's steep losses—$85 billion net loss by Q1 2026 and a $38.5 billion loss in 2025—casting doubt on its path to a trillion-dollar valuation. SoftBank, OpenAI's second-largest external shareholder with a planned 13% stake, stands to gain hugely if OpenAI succeeds. Undeterred, Son is already pushing forward with his next ambitious venture: consolidating SoftBank's AI and robotics assets into a new U.S.-based company named "Roze," targeting a $100 billion IPO as early as late 2026. This move aligns with his belief that Physical AI, merging AI cognition with robotic physical execution, is the next trillion-dollar frontier. Son's confidence stems from recent AI wins; SoftBank's stock surged and he briefly regained the title of Asia's richest person, largely due to OpenAI's soaring valuation. However, his aggressive strategy has raised internal concerns about over-reliance on OpenAI and strained finances. With competitors like Anthropic advancing rapidly and OpenAI's IPO timing uncertain, Son is racing to capitalize on the AI boom. His long-term vision for Physical AI includes a decade of investments in robotics, from Boston Dynamics to recent acquisitions like ABB's robotics unit, and a planned $1 trillion investment in U.S.-based AI robotics industrial parks. Yet, challenges remain: humanoid robotics firms like Figure AI lack the clear revenue paths of AI software companies, and Roze's lofty valuation faces skepticism. For Son, these bets are also driven by an unfulfilled promise of massive returns to key investors like Saudi Arabia's PIF. Despite risks, he continues to double down, betting that the fusion of AI and physical machines will define the next technological era.

marsbit1h ago

SoftBank CEO Masayoshi Son's New Trillion-Dollar "Gamble"

marsbit1h ago

Trading

Spot
Futures

Hot Articles

Discussions

Welcome to the HTX Community. Here, you can stay informed about the latest platform developments and gain access to professional market insights. Users' opinions on the price of ETH (ETH) are presented below.

活动图片