一把中国土,卡死日本两大巨头

marsbitОпубликовано 2026-06-16Обновлено 2026-06-16

Введение

两家日本企业关东电化和中央硝子曾主导全球高端六氟化钨(芯片制造关键材料)近四分之一产能,但其生产依赖从中国进口的6N级高纯度钨粉。2026年初,中国对日本钨粉出口归零,导致两家日企原料断供。尽管尝试寻找替代来源,但价格昂贵数倍且纯度不达标,最终于7月1日宣布永久停产。 六氟化钨是制造AI芯片所需HBM内存的关键材料,其高纯度依赖6N级钨粉。日本企业长期从中国稳定采购低价钨粉进行深加工,却忽视了这一供应链风险。中国通过数十年技术攻坚,由厦门钨业、中钨高新等企业攻克了钨钼分离等难题,实现了高纯钨粉的自主量产。 断供后,三星、SK海力士等韩国半导体巨头面临库存危机,转而加速认证并采购中国六氟化钨产品。这一转变标志着中国在高纯度材料领域实现了从底层原料到高端产品的全产业链突破。

两家日本企业,把一种电子特气做到世界前列,连台积电、三星都要看他们脸色。

结果一夜之间,宣布永久停产,不是技术不行,是原料断了。而那原料,他们完全是从中国买的。

断粮

2026年1月6日,商务部发布了今年第1号公告。没有新闻发布会,没有解读文章,就这么静悄悄地挂在了官网上。

日本人没注意到,关东电化没注意到,中央硝子没注意到。

他们还有库存,高纯度钨粉堆在仓库里,够用好几个月。采购部照常下单,邮件发出去,吨级到货,便宜,稳定。

没人觉得这是风险。

2月,海关数据出来:碳化钨粉、钨粉对日出口——零。

3月,零。4月,还是零。

据共同社援引海关总署数据,2026年2月至4月中国对日钨粉出口连续三个月为零。

关东电化的库存跌穿红线,中央硝子四处找替代供应商,三菱材料砸了100亿日元加码废钨回收。

改从他国购买,价格贵3倍。至于纯度,远远达不到6N级别。

两家日企,合计占全球高端六氟化钨近1/4产能。关东电化社长长谷川淳一,中央硝子社长前田一彦,此刻不得不面对一个残酷现实:

造高端六氟化钨的原料——6N级高纯度钨粉,买不到了。而这粉,几乎全在中国。

命门

先说说,什么是六氟化钨?

AI芯片的灵魂是HBM高带宽内存,十几层存储芯片摞在一起,这些芯片内部密布着纳米级的接触孔,比头发丝细数千倍。

虽然其他金属,也可用于接触孔,但目前钨依然是绝对主力。而能把钨沉积进这些微孔的电子特气,六氟化钨最为关键。

没有六氟化钨,就没有HBM。没有HBM,英伟达的GPU就是一堆废铁。

造这种电子特气,日本人曾经天下第一。关东电化能把纯度做到6个9,也就是100万个分子只许混进去一个杂质。

6个9的气体,得吃6N的粉。

过去十几年,中国钨粉按吨买来,便宜,稳定。在日本人看来,精馏塔才是护城河,粉末算什么?某种程度上,就是泥土。

但关键时刻,卡了日本人脖子的,恰恰是这种泥土。

日本人不是没挣扎过。

他们试过用低纯度粗粉,靠精馏塔强行提纯。但粗粉里最要命的是钼——钼跟钨在周期表里是同族元素,化学性质像双胞胎。

一旦进入反应釜,跟氟气反应后同时变成气态,沸点太接近,根本分不开。

你有钱,有政策,有危机感,但化学工程的极限,你毫无办法。

死磕

填平这堵墙,中国人也并非一蹴而就。

提纯钨粉,需要去除杂质,而最难去除的杂质之一是钼。

钼和钨,化学性质相近,溶解在水里都是同一个姿势。要把钼从钨里分离出来,难度不亚于从一锅汤里把盐和味精分开。

破解之法,是往溶液里加硫化剂,钼比钨更亲硫,会先扑上去——抱住硫,钨没动。趁这个瞬间,把钼拽走。

说起来简单。

这个瞬间有多窄?酸碱度偏一点,钼就松手了,又跟钨搅在一起。参数窗口窄到像高空走钢丝

要突破,没有捷径,只有最笨的办法:

调酸碱度、换吸附剂、改萃取液,一组一组地磨,连吸附剂本身也都要重新做一遍。

几代人,磨了几十年,才把钼从溶液里抠到可以接受的量级。

厦门钨业董事长黄长庚,从1987年进公司,再没离开过,直到不久前退休。

其间,他从车间到管理层,39年只干这一件事,带领团队一路从粗粉死磕到6N,将中国钨粉推至全球天花板。

图源:厦门钨业

除了厦门钨业,还有中钨高新。

这两家也是目前为止,全球极少数能够大规模量产6N级高纯度钨粉的企业。

中国有高纯度钨粉,日本人把粉买过来,生产出六氟化钨,转手卖给三星、台积电,售价翻倍。

这生意,怎么看都是一本万利。

然后,日本人自己把门砸了。

翻盘

据多家媒体报道,关东电化、中央硝子已正式通知三星、SK海力士等主要客户:

6月30日,最后一批货。7月1日起,永久停产。

高纯度钨粉自2026年1月起从中国进口基本归零,两家日企库存硬扛了五个月,终于见底了。

不光原料断了,更致命的是不确定性。就算凑到钨粉重启产线,下次再断呢?

停机期间,管道里残留的六氟化钨遇水会水解,氟化氢会腐蚀阀门和焊缝。重启检修代价不菲。

反复启停,等于自杀。

消息传到首尔,三星、SK海力士急了。这两家韩国半导体巨头,此前大部分六氟化钨采购来自日本,三星库存撑不过6月。

没有六氟化钨就没有HBM,英伟达的订单也泡汤。

认证周期,那个让中国企业头疼的认证周期,突然间不是问题了。中国六氟化钨供应商成了头部晶圆厂的香饽饽。

门开了,人换了。

三十年前,中国挖矿,别人数钱。低纯度粗粉按吨卖,人家提纯,造成气、做成靶材,一转手价值翻几十倍。

三十年后,中国人把纯度从3N一路死磕到6N。最底层的泥土,掀翻了最顶端的王座。

7月1日,关东电化涩川工厂的六氟化钨产线,即将关停。

与此同时,中国高纯钨粉产线和六氟化钨工厂里,国产材料正源源不断涌出,然后装车开往港口。

只是这一次,目的地清单上,不见了日本厂商。

本文来自微信公众号“华商韬略”(ID:hstl8888),作者:华商韬略

Связанные с этим вопросы

Q是哪两家日本企业因其核心原料来源被切断而不得不停产高端六氟化钨?

A日本关东电化株式会社(Kanto Denka)和中央硝子株式会社(Central Glass)。

Q导致这两家日本企业停产的关键性原料是什么?这种原料来自哪个国家?

A关键原料是6N(纯度99.9999%)级高纯度钨粉。该原料几乎全部依赖从中国进口。

Q六氟化钨在现代半导体产业中扮演什么关键角色?

A六氟化钨是用于先进芯片制造的关键电子特气,尤其在制造HBM(高带宽内存)芯片时不可或缺。它能将金属钨沉积到纳米级的芯片接触孔中,是连接芯片多层存储结构的关键介质。

Q为什么日本企业无法在短时间内找到替代的钨粉供应商来维持生产?

A主要原因有两点:一是其他国家的替代供应商价格昂贵(据文章称约贵3倍),且产品纯度达不到6N级别的严苛要求;二是钨粉中难以去除的杂质钼,与钨化学性质极为相似,提纯工艺极其复杂,技术门槛极高,导致能大批量供应6N级钨粉的企业极少。

Q文章中提到中国企业在攻克高纯度钨粉技术难题时,面临的主要挑战是什么?是如何解决的?

A主要挑战是从钨中分离出化学性质极其相似的杂质元素钼。中国企业(如厦门钨业)通过几十年持续研发,采用向溶液中添加硫化剂的方法,利用钼比钨更易与硫结合的特性进行分离。这个过程对溶液的酸碱度等参数控制要求极为精确,如同“高空走钢丝”,最终通过不断调整工艺参数、更换吸附剂等方式,实现了6N级高纯度钨粉的稳定量产。

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