分叉来临?以太坊合并近在咫尺, 普通人的投资机会在哪儿?

火币资讯Опубликовано 2022-08-11Обновлено 2022-08-12

Введение

尽管官方尚未给出以太坊合并的最后时间,但在以太坊测试网Goerli已经启动合并的当下,以太坊的合并是开弓没有回头箭了。 于此同时,关于“以太坊矿工将何去何从”的话题再次抓住了加密圈的眼球。一些老玩家建立以太坊分叉讨论群,在社区内宣扬ETH-PoW,点燃了对于ETH分叉的热度。经过社区讨论,似乎以太坊的分叉无可避免?

尽管官方尚未给出以太坊合并的最后时间,但在以太坊测试网Goerli已经启动合并的当下,以太坊的合并是开弓没有回头箭了。

于此同时,关于“以太坊矿工将何去何从”的话题再次抓住了加密圈的眼球。一些老玩家建立以太坊分叉讨论群,在社区内宣扬ETH-PoW,点燃了对于ETH分叉的热度。经过社区讨论,似乎以太坊的分叉无可避免?

一、缘起

(一)为什么要以太坊要转向PoS

比特币首创并发扬光大的工作量证明机制要求矿工根据他们能够获得的计算能力来竞争奖励。

在为区块链带来去中心化的同时,也在增加了高昂的能耗和各类硬件的投入,并让Asic芯片主宰挖矿市场,这也违背了中本聪的初衷。在Vitalik看来,PoS可以解决PoW的各种问题,应当成为下一代链上世界的共识机制。

此外PoW也没有要求锁定资产作为抵押品,这限制了协议在受到攻击后惩罚坏人的能力。相比之下,向PoS权益证明的过渡将使以太坊更加安全和去中心化。网络参与的人越多,就越分散,越不容易受到攻击。

合并后,在同样成本下PoS可提供更高的安全性,换句话说就是在维护同样的安全性上POS付出的区块奖励更少。 

(二)PoS的进度及其意义

当前,信标链尚未处理主网交易。但是经过广泛的测试,信标链达成更多共识的时间正在迅速逼近。合并后,信标链将成为所有网络数据的共识引擎。

一旦Merge成功,以太坊将正式用信标链作为生产区块的引擎,而挖矿将不再是生产有效区块的手段。此后,PoS的验证者承担了这个角色,并将处理所有交易的有效性。

未来,矿工也许是这次ETH2.0升级最大的“受害者”。目前所有的以太坊PoW矿工都不得不面临这样的选择:择机退出或转换至其他链、硬撑到底或者干脆重新分叉。

(三)“三重通缩”来临

值得注意的是,一旦完成合并后,可能会出现“三重减半”的情况。也就是发行量下降、销毁和ETH锁定共同让以太坊的流通数量减少,这也是Merge加速推进刺激了价格快速地反弹。

二、为什么矿工要分叉?

这次Merge转PoS,最大的受害者应为矿工。矿机、场地、人员等等前期投入成本高昂,难以就地转换。虽然前期已有通气,但似乎市场尚未消化ETH合并的一次性冲击,整体算力仍在高点。

来源:https://2miners.com/zh/eth-network-hashrate

本次的分叉与5年前BTC的分叉对于矿工的利益保护完全不同,5年前分叉后,获胜的主链对于矿工的利益更加倾向。本次的ETH则是走在相反的道路上。

三、矿工主导的分叉能成功吗?

在ETH的Merge不可变的大前提下,矿机的价值正在快速贬值。

(一)矿工们的约束

矿工们在短期面对的是电费这个可变成本,长期面对的是矿机折旧的长期待摊成本。也就是在短期,新链挖矿的收益必须要覆盖电费。

不论如何,未来支撑矿工的一定是高昂的出块回报,但是这恐怕也不容易。

(二)分叉币的走势预测:长空

1、应用视角(基本面)

由于跨入以太坊的资产,本质上都是采用锁定铸造模型,在以太坊中发行的原始资产的可赎回凭证。因此这些凭证的价值,唯一取决于其是否还能被用于赎回锁定在金库中的原始财产。

因此在以太坊分叉后,这类资产金库所对应的发行在以太坊中的可赎回凭证,分叉出了两个一模一样的版本,那么金库的管理者必须主动选择选择支持方。

当前的中心化机构基本都选择站在矿工们的对立面,未来新链上的应用将支离破碎。

2、交易视角(技术面)

在当前这个缺乏市场热点的时刻,许多交易所都希望能够这么高话题度的代币能够顺利上市,已经有不少交易所表示,一旦ETH分叉,将全力支持新币交易。

3、用户视角

一旦上线,用户将快速将ETHPoW上的资产兑换为其他资产,届时抛压势必巨大。ETHPoW可能都会在这种抛压下出现快速跳水,能否渡过难关还需要矿工们齐心协力。

(三)矿工们还有其他选择嘛?

来源https://2miners.com/zh/eth-network-hashrate

Vitalik提到,如果有人不喜欢Merge,他们总是可以使用EthereumClassic。但是这次问题过于严重,矿工可以从以太坊获得收入的可能降到了零。

由于大量矿主都用ASIC矿机,最佳策略应该是转向ETC或分叉新链。而由于ETC的市场容量不足,一旦大量矿机涌入,势必造成平均收益下降,可能会竭泽而渔。所以矿工们希望以分叉来保证自身利益。

但是,新分叉的链也可能由于自身差异化不足、相关方支持程度不够而难以提升效用的窘境。

四、分叉币是否值得投资?

从历史上看,分叉币的回报要远低于主链的回报。

从逻辑上想,和很多人想的不一样,算力提高可能是token价格高涨的结果,而不是其原因。在上次BTC分叉时,BCH拥有的矿工和算力应该高于BTC,但随着共识向BTC的集中后,BTC价格依然高于BCH,矿工的主战场也慢慢向BTC转移。

简而言之,如果分叉成功。在分叉币诞生之初,由于资金与交易所的支持,存在结构性的交易机会(看跌或看涨)。但是长期来看,其持有收益率可能不如ETH可观。

五、散户的投资机会在哪儿?

(一)Alpha策略

1、做多ETH,并做空其他L1,这表示只享受由ETH合并成功所产生的收益和风险。

2、买入stETH,并同时卖出ETH,如果升级顺利,两者的折价在上海升级后会逐渐消失。

(二)Beta策略

单向做多ETH:购买并持有ETH。

买入流动性质押池的代币,如Lido(LDO)。理由很简单:在Merge后,LDO就成了ETH的上附着的债券,能够稳定产生ETH。

买入ETH的看涨期权,放大波动以博取更高收益。

六、相关风险

1、Merge延期的风险。由于各种各样的问题,ETH的Merge无法按时达成。

2、Merge过程存在技术漏洞和被攻击的风险。

3、过度中心化风险。由于越来越多人通过流动性质押来获得收益,这导致ETH的投票权都掌握在某一个协议手中,这会对以太坊的去中心化造成打击。

4、监管风险和宏观经济的风险。

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