L2是以太坊的一段弯路吗?

Odaily星球日报Опубликовано 2025-09-11Обновлено 2025-09-11

原创|Odaily 星球日报(@OdailyChina

作者|Wenser(@wenser 2010

“你知道我这 3 年都是怎么过来的吗?”这或许是很多参与 Linea 交互的撸毛用户的心声。

时隔 3 年之久,“以太坊正统派系”、Consensys 旗下L2 网络 Linea 终于即将迎来 TGE 时刻,但就目前的空投额度及 LINEA 盘前价格来看,或许很难让投入颇多的撸毛玩家们满意而归。有人称自己投入数十万美元交互,最终空投代币价值或仅为数千美元,甚至不到。由此,以太坊网络在经历了轰轰烈烈的“言必称 L2”的阶段后,或许已经走入了“L2 失民心”阶段。

在经历了过去数年的发展后,曾被以太坊创始人 Vitalik 钦点的“L2 技术路线”或已成为以太坊生态发展历程中的一段弯路。Odaily 星球日报将于本文结合 Linea 发币及主流 L2 网络现状探讨这一观点,供读者批评讨论。

梦开始的地方

按照以太坊创始人 Vitalik 最初的设想,L2 网络是在继承以太坊主网安全性的基础上,用于以太坊生态扩容及降低使用成本而构筑的网络体系。

2020 年 10 月,Vitalik 在 《Rollup-centric Ethereum Roadmap》(以 rollup 为中心的以太坊路线图)一文中详细阐述了 L2 路线的技术设想,其核心目的是简化以太坊的长期扩展策略,将计算执行主要移至 L2 解决方案(如 Rollup),从而快速实现网络的可扩展性,同时缓解当时主网高 gas 费和拥堵问题。

此外,他提到了这一技术路线的短期行动及潜在影响:“我们需要在跨 L2 转账方面做更多工作,使资产在不同 L 2 之间移动的体验尽可能接近即时和无缝。”“启动自己代币的 L2 项目是必需的——当然,前提是代币有真实的经济价值(即 L 2 预估捕获的未来费用)。由此,这些 L 2 网络相关协议将有能力赚取费用/MEV,从而直接或间接(通过支持资助发展的代币)为其发展提供资金。长期来看,这是对以太坊长期经济可持续性有益的战略举措。”

Linea 即将发币,但 L 2 活跃度已大不如前

而目前来看,各大 L2 网络的价值捕获环节仅 Arbitrum、Base 两大网络表现亮眼,前者代币价格与各大 L2 代币一样均表现平平;后者则无意发布原生代币,主要依靠排序器收入创收,赚取网络发展费用并反哺背后的 Coinbase。

TheBlock 数据,9 月 9 日,仅 Base (七日平均)交易笔数达 1156 万笔,Arbitrum 交易笔数为 236 万笔,Optimism 交易笔数为 115 万笔,Blast 交易笔数仅为 34.4 万笔,Mode Network 交易笔数则仅为 23.3 万笔;ZK 系 L2 网络,交易笔数最多的是 Starknet(58.5 万笔),其余网络交易笔数由多到少分别为 Linea(21.1 万笔)、Scroll(7.6 万笔)、ZKSync Era(2.5 万笔)、Polygon zkEVM(4000 笔)、Loopring(250 笔)。

日均活跃地址数方面,以 9 月 9 日为例,Optimism 系 L2 网络中 Base (七日平均)以 109 万个地址遥遥领先,其余网络及对应地址数分别为:Arbitrum(38.4 万个);Optimism(7.2 万个);Mode Network(3450 个);Zora(3440 个);Blast(2800 个)。

ZK 系 L2 网络的表现也差强人意,9 月 9 日,或许受益于近期即将 TGE 影响,Linea 网络日均活跃地址增长至 5.6 万个,相较于 2024 年 7 月一度高达 75 万左右的日均活跃地址数下跌幅度超 90%;其余 L 2 网络日均活跃地址数均保持在 5 万以下:Starknet(4 万左右);ZKSync Era(9200 左右);Scroll(6300 左右);Polygon zkEVM(1200 左右);Loopring 则仅有颇为惨淡的 18 个活跃地址。

不仅如此,L2 网络的爆发虽然在一定程度上提高了以太坊生态的运行效率,但也为一定程度上生态内频发的协议安全事件提供了温床。除此以外,在经历了 EIP-1559、EIP-7999 等优化 gas 费的 EIP 提案逐步落实之后,以太坊主网的 gas 成本大幅降低,转账、交易效率也远超以往。

所以,在经历数年的 L 2 发展之路之后,人们日益认识到:对于以太坊生态而言,如今的核心命题就在于——

其一,以太坊生态是否存在用户留存及活跃的目的?

其二,以太坊 L 2 网络代币能否实现价值捕获?

目前来看,这两方面的现状都不容乐观。

以太坊生态的价值破局之路:稳定币、ETH 财库储备

从结果上来看,L 2 路线为以太坊生态发展仍然做出了巨大贡献,除去节省的大量 gas 费用以外,L2 的战略价值主要体现在 2 方面:

一是 TVL 的资沉价值。据 l2beat 网站数据,截止 9 月 10 日,以太坊 L2 网络总 TVL 已增长至 547 亿美元,尽管相较于去年 12 月高达 655 亿美元的总 TVL 有超 100 亿美元的下降,但仍然为以太坊生态带来了更多的流动性留存,也为生态内众多协议、项目提供了充足的资金供给。

二是与传统金融资产的无缝衔接。除去诸如 Arbitrum、Optimism 等加密原生网络以外,传统科技公司如索尼推出的 L2 公链 Soneium、阿里巴巴旗下蚂蚁数科推出 RWA L2 公链 Jovay、Robinhood 推出基于 Arbitrum 的 L2 公链用于股票代币化产品交易等。作为稳定运行十年的成熟区块链生态,以太坊仍然是瞄准 RWA 赛道的传统公司们的最佳选择,而 L 2 网络则为其提供了一个相对平稳且丝滑的进入窗口和渠道桥梁。

如今来看,后续以太坊生态的价值破局之路,或许仍需寄希望于与传统金融领域的接驳与更大范围内的资产耦合——前者的主要介质为稳定币,后续发展路线涵盖 PayFi、DePIN、跨境贸易等;后者则主要依靠众多上市公司通过推动 ETH 财库储备来完成股票等 RWA 资产的代币化、资产化。

站在 2025 年这一以太坊主网上线 10 周年的时间节点来看,尽管大多数的 L 2 网络在“融资-发币-销声匿迹”的死循环中逐渐成为加密历史长途中的一颗颗碎石,但他们也为在成为“加密泡沫”的同时成为了孕育新的创新性产品的土壤和养分。

包括久不发币的 Linea 在内,众多 L 2 网络或许生态项目寥寥、代币价格市场表现低迷,但也为加密市场的叙事热潮提供了诸多技术更新、项目产品,或许是加密行业发展到一定阶段的“行业泡沫”,但绝不是所谓的“行业黑历史”。

至于以太坊生态能否进一步发展,或许仍然有待于时间的验证。

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