美SEC开绿灯,加密ETF进入大宗商品时代

Odaily星球日报Published on 2025-07-30Last updated on 2025-07-30

原创 | Odaily 星球日报(@OdailyChina

作者|Golem(@web 3_golem

7 月 29 日,美 SEC 正式 允许 授权参与者(AP)以实物形式创建和赎回加密 ETF。这意味着今后比特币和以太坊 ETF 将与其他商品类 ETF(如石油、黄金)一致,允许以实物形式创建和赎回 ETF 份额,此前比特币和以太坊 ETF 仅限于以现金形式创建和赎回。

现金形式 vs 实物形式

那么,以现金形式创建和赎回加密 ETF 与以实物形式创建和赎回加密 ETF 有何不同呢?

现金形式:AP 与 ETF 发行人以现金结算

此前比特币和以太坊 ETF 以现金形式创建和赎回 ETF 份额的流程简要如下:

  • ETF 创建流程

ETF 发行人每日公布一篮子现金金额,代表创建一个“创建单位”所需的现金总额;

授权参与者(AP)向 ETF 发行人交付现金;

ETF 发行人收到现金后在市场购买对应数量的加密资产,并纳入 ETF 托管池;

ETF 发行人最后向 AP 发放对应数量的 ETF 份额。

  • ETF 赎回流程

当市场上 ETF 价格低于当日净值( NAV) 时,AP 会在二级市场买入相应数量的 ETF 份额;

AP 将这些份额返还给 ETF 发行人;

ETF 发行人根据赎回份额,卖出对应数量的比特币/以太坊,在现货市场换回现金;

发行人再将这部分现金返还给 AP,完成赎回。

实物形式:AP 与 ETF 发行人以“实物”(即币)结算

  • ETF 创建流程

ETF 发行人规定一个“创建单位”,通常为数万份 ETF 份额,该单位对应的净资产价值(NAV)即为 AP 所需交付的加密资产总额;

AP 通过与 ETF 发行人事先约定的安全托管和转账协议,将规定的加密资产篮子“打包”并转入指定的托管账户;

发行人审核到账资产无误后,将对应数量的 ETF 份额交付给 AP。

  • ETF 赎回流程

当 ETF 在交易所的市场价格低于其 NAV 时,AP 会在二级市场买入至少一个创建单位数量的 ETF 份额;

AP 将这一批 ETF 份额返还给发行人,提出“实物赎回”申请;

发行人在确认收到 ETF 份额后,将等值的加密资产(按照最新 NAV 及持仓权重)原路从托管账户转回给 AP;

AP 收回对应的加密资产。

有何意义?

从以上也可看出,允许以实物形式创建和赎回加密 ETF 并不代表普通投资者能够直接将所持的 ETF 份额换成加密资产,而是指授权参与者(AP)和 ETF 发行人之间的结算标的从现金变成了“加密实物”。这不仅意味着现有的加密 ETF 资产(比特币和以太坊等)获得了与黄金、石油等大宗商品在监管上的同等地位,同时也带来了以下好处:

降低 AP 成本,提升市场效率

在现金形式下,ETF 发行人需用 AP 交付的现金购买加密资产,因加密市场瞬息万变,这一过程可能会增加交易费用和滑点。

在实物形式下,AP 直接交付 ETF 发行人加密资产,则有效避免了更多但交易费用和滑点,降低了成本。同时由于减少了现货买卖环节带来的延迟与成本,不仅减少了与 ETF 发行人的对接流程,也使 ETF 的二级市场价格更能贴近 NAV,提升了市场效率。

此外,在现金形式下,现金交易可能触发基金层面资本利得分配,但实物转移一般不构成基金层面的资本利得,进一步降低了 AP 的税务成本。

减少 ETF 赎回对加密市场价格的冲击

在现金形式下,ETF 的赎回意味着 ETF 发行人要被动的在市场上集中出售加密资产换取现金,这可能会引发“流动性踩踏”。

但在实物形式下,ETF 的赎回仅代表 ETF 发行人将加密资产还给了 AP,不经过市场交易。而 AP 在收到比特币或以太坊后,是否立即出售、以什么方式卖出、卖给谁,完全取决于其自身策略,相比 ETF 基金一次性大规模清算,AP 的行为更为分散、市场化且弹性大。

为 ETF 套利者提供更高效的机制

ETF 市场套利的基础在于“一级市场套利”机制,即 AP 通过 ETF 价格与 NAV 的价差进行创建/赎回操作。在现金形式下,因为现货买卖和 ETF 创建/赎回存在时间差,市场价格波动可能造成套利失败或成本增加。而在实物形式下,AP 可以直接以加密资产建仓或平仓,套利效率更高、规模更大、速度更快。

同时,更加高效的套利机制也能帮助加密 ETF 的价格紧密跟踪其资产净值,从而提升流动性。

加密资产被纳入主流金融深层结构

国际上的大宗商品 ETF,如黄金、白银、原油 ETF 等多采用实物形式创建和赎回,加密 ETF 如今采用同样的机制,意味着加密资产正被纳入主流金融商品体系的深层结构中,推动全球机构配置加密资产。

实物机制的引入,为未来更大规模的资金流入提供了结构性缓冲,有利于机构、养老金、对冲基金等更长期的资金入场

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