借壳上市热潮:比特币财库企业为何偏爱 SPAC?

深潮Published on 2025-07-17Last updated on 2025-07-17

这是一条与 Strategy 不同的道路。

撰文:Prathik Desai

编译:Luffy,Foresight News

2020 年,Strategy 公司(当时名为 MicroStrategy)开始用债务和股票置换比特币。这家原本销售企业软件的公司,在联合创始人兼董事长 Michael Saylor 的带领下实现了转型,将公司资金注入比特币,成为上市企业中最大的比特币持有者。

五年后,Strategy 公司仍在销售软件,只是运营对公司整体的毛利润贡献一直在稳步下降。2024 年,运营毛利润较 2023 年下降至约 15%;2025 年第一季度,该数字较上年同期下降了 10% 。截至 2025 年,Strategy 的模式已被复制、改编和简化,为逾百家上市实体持有比特币铺平了道路。

这套模式很简单:以企业为抵押发行低成本债务,买入比特币,待其升值后再发行更多债务买入更多比特币 —— 形成自我强化的循环,将企业国库变成杠杆加密货币基金。到期债务通过发行新股偿还,稀释现有股东权益。但比特币持仓升值推高股价,抵消了股权稀释的影响。

大多数追随 Strategy 脚步的公司都有现成的业务,它们希望通过比特币这一升值资产为资产负债表带来收益。

Strategy 过去完全是一家企业分析与商业智能平台;而第 15 大上市比特币持有者 Semler Scientific,曾是纯粹的健康科技公司;最近加入比特币储备俱乐部、引发关注的 GameStop,此前是一家知名的游戏与电子产品零售商,直到近期才涉足比特币财库构建。

如今,新一波公司渴望享受比特币的红利,却又不想承担建立实体业务的重担。他们没有客户,没有盈利模式,也没有运营路线图。他们只需要一张装满比特币的资产负债表,以及一条通过金融捷径快速进入公开市场的通道。于是,特殊目的收购公司(SPAC,即借壳上市)应运而生。

这些比特币资产 SPAC,如 ReserveOne、ProCap(由 Anthony Pompliano 支持)、Twenty One Capital(由 Tether、Cantor Fitzgerald 和软银支持),正推出简单的包装方案。它们的主张很明确:筹集数亿美元,批量购买比特币,给公开市场投资者一个追踪这一切的股票代码。就是这样,这就是全部业务。

这些新入局者的做法与 Strategy 截然相反:先积累比特币,再考虑业务部分。这种模式更像对冲基金,而非企业。

然而,很多公司仍排着队选择 SPAC 路径。这是为什么呢?

SPAC 是一种预先融资的空壳公司,从投资者(通常是一群私人投资者)那里筹集资金,在证券交易所上市,然后与一家私人公司合并。它常被描述为 IPO 的捷径。而在加密货币领域,这是让重仓比特币的实体快速上市的方式,以免市场情绪或监管转向对其不利,速度是关键。

尽管这种 「速度优势」 往往是虚幻的。SPAC 承诺 4-6 个月完成上市,而 IPO 需要 12-18 个月,但实际上,加密货币公司的监管审查耗时更长。例如,Circle 尝试通过 SPAC 上市失败,后来通过传统 IPO 才成功。

但 SPAC 仍有其优势。

它们允许这些公司描绘大胆愿景,比如 「年底前比特币持仓达 10 亿美元」,而无需立即接受传统 IPO 流程的严格审查。它们可以引入来自 Jane Street 或 Galaxy 等重量级公司的上市后私募投资(PIPE),预先协商估值,将其包装成符合 SEC 规定的壳公司,同时避免被贴上 「投资基金」 的标签。

SPAC 途径只是让公司更容易向其利益相关者和投资者推销他们的战略,因为除了比特币之外没有其他东西可以推销。

还记得 Meta 和微软考虑将比特币纳入财库时的情景吗?它们遭到了压倒性反对。

对公众投资者而言,SPAC 看似能提供纯粹的比特币敞口,且无需直接接触加密货币,就像购买黄金 ETF 一样。

但 SPAC 也面临散户投资者的接受度问题,他们更倾向于通过更受欢迎的渠道获得比特币敞口,比如交易所交易基金(ETF)。2025 年《机构投资者数字资产调查》显示,60% 的投资者更愿意通过注册投资工具(如 ETF)接触加密货币。

尽管如此,需求依然存在。因为这种模式蕴含杠杆潜力。

Strategy 买入比特币后并未止步,而是不断发行可转换票据(很可能通过发行新股赎回)。这种方式帮助这家昔日的商业智能平台变成了比特币 「涡轮增压器」:在比特币上涨过程中,其股价涨幅超过比特币本身。这种蓝图仍在投资者心中:一家基于 SPAC 的比特币公司可以复制这种加速模式 —— 买入比特币,发行更多股票或债务以买入更多比特币,循环往复。

当一家新的比特币公司宣布获得 10 亿美元机构 PIPE 投资时,这本身就传递出可信度,向市场表明大资金在关注。想想 Twenty One Capital 因有 Cantor Fitzgerald、Tether 和软银等重量级公司支持,获得了多少可信度。

SPAC 能让创始人在公司生命周期的早期阶段实现这一目标,而无需先构建一个能够产生收入的产品。这种早期机构认可有助于获得关注、资本和发展势头,同时减少已上市企业可能面临的来自投资者的阻饶。

对许多创始人而言,SPAC 路径的吸引力在于灵活性。与 IPO 不同,IPO 的信息披露时间和定价都非常严格,SPAC 在叙事、预测和估值谈判方面拥有更大的控制权。创始人可以讲述前瞻性故事,制定资本计划,保留股权,同时避免传统 「风投→IPO」 路径中无休止的融资循环。

这种包装本身就很有吸引力。公开发行股票是一种众所周知的语言:股票代码可以被对冲基金交易,可以添加到散户平台,可以被 ETF 追踪。它是连接加密原生理念和传统市场基础设施的桥梁。对许多投资者而言,这种包装比底层机制更重要:如果它看起来像股票、交易起来像股票,就能融入现有投资组合。

如果 SPAC 无需任何现有业务即可成立并上市,那么它们将如何运作?收入从何而来?

SPAC 还允许在结构上发挥创造力。一家公司可以筹集 5 亿美元,将 3 亿美元投入比特币,其余资金用于探索收益策略、推出金融产品或收购其他能带来收入的加密企业。这种混合模式在 ETF 或其他模式下难以实现,因为那些模式规则更严格,授权更僵化。

Twenty One Capital 正探索结构化资金管理。其比特币储备超过 30,000 枚,同时将其中一部分用于低风险的链上收益策略。该公司与 Cantor Fitzgerald 支持的一家 SPAC 合并,并通过 PIPE 和可转换债券融资筹集了超过 5.85 亿美元,用于购买更多比特币。其路线图包括构建比特币原生借贷模式、资本市场工具,甚至制作比特币相关媒体内容和宣传活动。

由《比特币杂志》的 David Bailey 创立的 Nakamoto Holdings,采取了不同路径实现类似目标。它与一家上市医疗公司 KindlyMD 合并,构建比特币财库策略。这笔交易获得了 5.1 亿美元 PIPE 和 2 亿美元可转换票据融资,成为规模最大的加密相关融资之一。它希望将比特币敞口证券化为股票、债券和混合工具,使其能在各大证券交易所交易。

而 Pompliano 的 ProCap Financial 计划在比特币财库基础上提供金融服务,包括加密借贷、质押基础设施,以及构建让机构获取比特币收益的产品。

ReserveOne 则采取更多元化的路线。尽管比特币仍是其投资组合的核心,但它计划持有以太坊、Solana 等一篮子资产,利用这些资产参与机构级质押、衍生品和场外借贷。

在 Galaxy 和 Kraken 等公司的支持下,ReserveOne 将自己定位为加密原生的贝莱德,将被动敞口与主动收益生成相结合。理论上,其收入来自借贷手续费、质押奖励,以及管理加密货币资产短期和长期押注之间的利差。

即使实体已找到可持续的收入方式,「上市公司」 的标签仍会带来文书工作和挑战。

并购后的运营更凸显可持续收入模式的必要性。资金管理、托管、合规和审计都变得至关重要,尤其是当唯一产品是波动性较大的资产时。与 ETF 发行商不同,许多 SPAC 支持的公司都是从零开始构建,托管可能外包,管控可能薄弱,风险在悄无声息中快速累积。

此外,还有治理问题。许多 SPAC 发起人保留特殊权利,如增强投票权、董事会席位和流动性窗口,但他们往往缺乏加密货币专业知识。当比特币价格暴跌或监管收紧时,需要有专家来掌舵。市场上涨时,没人会注意;但下跌时,问题就会暴露。

那么,散户投资者该如何应对?

一些人会被上涨空间吸引,他们想着对某只比特币 SPAC 的小额押注可能重现 Strategy 的繁荣。但他们也会面临多重风险,如股权稀释、波动性、赎回,以及业绩未经考验的管理团队。另一些人可能更喜欢现货比特币 ETF 的简洁,甚至直接持有比特币。

因为当你购买通过 SPAC 上市的比特币股票时,你并非直接持有比特币,而是购买了别人为你购买比特币的计划,并希望他们能成功。这种希望是有代价的,而在牛市中,这代价似乎值得付出。

然而,你还是需要了解自己实际购买的是什么,以及购买多少。

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433 Total ViewsPublished 2025.05.13Updated 2025.05.13

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