BTC减半后的动态平衡:挖矿收入骤降,关机价来到5.5万美元

Odaily星球日报Published on 2024-05-14Last updated on 2024-05-14

Abstract

从本质上说,每一次减半都是市场供需的又一次动态平衡。在这个再平衡的过程中,市场资金有哪些动向值得关注?

原文作者:Carol,PANews

比特币在 4 月 20 日已经顺利完成了第 4 次减半,此次减半后,区块奖励已下降至 3.125 BTC。减半首先将影响矿业,矿工收入会在短期内骤降。另外,减半还将影响比特币的通胀率,市场预期稀缺性的增加将推动币价进一步上涨。但实际情况是,减半至今,比特币仍然高位横盘调整,价格小幅下跌 3.87% ,这使得矿工直面压力测试,也让不少短期投资者面临亏损。

从本质上说,每一次减半都是市场供需的又一次动态平衡。在这个再平衡的过程中,市场资金有哪些动向值得关注?矿业面临的压力具体有大?比特币现在的需求侧是什么情况?PANews 旗下数据专栏 PAData 综合分析当前的市场数据、矿业数据和其他需求侧的数据后发现:

  • 3 月以来,比特币亏损筹码的占比则从 1.28% 开始持续上涨至 15.18% ,减产后短期投资者的 SOPR 指数均值为 0.99972 ,或有不少短期投资者受减产预期影响而发生亏损。

  • 减产后,链上代币流通速率下降 23% ,更多筹码处于积累过程中。从时间周期来看,今年以来,持币周期在 1 个月至 3 个月、 3 个月至 6 个月、 3 年至 5 年的筹码数量有明显的增长;从不同余额的持币地址来看,余额在 100 BTC 至 1000 BTC,以及 1000 BTC 至 10000 BTC 之间的地址数量大幅增长 1.3% 以上。

  • 减产后矿工面临着较大营收压力,按照当前币价和较高的电费估算,关机价 5.5 万美元,较去年 8 月最低关机价 1.43 万美元大幅上涨。

  • 当前每日挖矿的总收入约为 2648.71 万美元,较今年减半前的日均收入 5476.23 万美元下降了 51.63% 。当前的日交易手续费约为 228 万美元,较今年减半前的日均手续费下降了 34% 。

  • 当假设交易手续费收入不变,即保持当前平均每笔交易手续费和交易次数,那么达成今年减半前的日均收入水平,需要币价达到 94489.82 美元,相当于较当前币价提高 51.63% 。

  • 当假设币价保持不变,那么达成今年减半前的日均收入水平,需要交易次数达到 167.37 万次,相当于较减半后日均值提高 202.49% ,或平均每笔交易手续费达到 0.00080317 BTC,相当于较减半后日均值提高 206.08% 。

  • Runes 上线之初的强劲需求能够为带矿工带来巨额收益,上线第一天贡献了 881 BTC 的手续费。

01、减产后亏损筹码占比升至 15% , 100 BTC 以上的大额持币地址数量显著增长

一个潜在的市场共识是,比特币减产后价格将会大幅上涨。历史数据表明,过去三次减产后一年(365 天)内,比特币的价格涨幅分别达到 8069.11% 、 256.85% 、 478.10% 。

但就短期而言,比特币减产对价格的影响是缓慢的。过去三次减产后短期(17 天)内,比特币的价格涨幅分为为 9.73% 、 0.97% 、 6.98% 。但此次减产后至今,比特币仍然高位横盘,当前(17 天)位于 6.24 万美元附近,跌幅约为 3.87% 。

BTC减半后的动态平衡:挖矿收入骤降,关机价来到5.5万美元

币价不如预期导致市场中的亏损筹码占比明显上升。减产后至今,比特币的价格在 6.49 万美元至 6.24 万美元之间震荡,亏损筹码的占比则从 10.95% 上升至 15.18% 。事实上,币价横盘,但亏损筹码占比上升的情况开始于减产前。3 月以来,比特币的价格在 6.25 万美元上方横盘调整,而亏损筹码的占比则从 1.28% 开始持续上涨。这意味着或有不少短期投资者受减产预期影响而发生亏损。

BTC减半后的动态平衡:挖矿收入骤降,关机价来到5.5万美元

短期投资者的 SOPR 指数也从侧面印证了这种可能。该指数小于 1 表明持币 1 小时以上但不足 155 天的投资者是总体亏损的。根据 CryptoQuant 的数据,当前该指数为 1.0022 ,非常接近 1 ,且减产后该指数的均值为 0.99972 ,这表明近期短期投资者处于总体亏损状态。

价格低迷的同时,链上的筹码流通速度也大幅放缓。根据 glassnode 的数据,当前流通速率(近 7 天均值)为 0.01044 ,较减产当天的 0.01356 下降了近 23% ,较年初则下降了近 33% ,降幅显著。

BTC减半后的动态平衡:挖矿收入骤降,关机价来到5.5万美元

流通速率的快速下降可能意味着更多筹码处于积累过程中。从时间周期来看,今年以来,持币周期在 1 个月至 3 个月、 3 个月至 6 个月、 3 年至 5 年的筹码数量有明显的增长。尤其是持币 1 个月至 3 个月的筹码占比,今年增长了 7.14 个百分点,减半后增长了 2.44 个百分点,这表明持币周期从短期向中长期积累的趋势。

BTC减半后的动态平衡:挖矿收入骤降,关机价来到5.5万美元

从不同余额的持币地址来看,今年以来,在被标记为 Entities 的地址(指由同一网络实体控制的地址集群,有可能是交易所地址、基金会地址、巨鲸地址、矿工地址等)中,余额在 100 BTC 至 1000 BTC,以及 1000 BTC 至 10000 BTC 之间的地址数量大幅增长,分别增长了 1.35% 和 1.39% ,在减半后这一现象仍然存在。在所有地址中,余额在 1000 BTC 至 10000 BTC 之间的地址数量增幅达到 1.07% 。这些数据表明,大额持币者的数量在增长,筹码在聚集的过程中。

BTC减半后的动态平衡:挖矿收入骤降,关机价来到5.5万美元

02、减产后算力下降超 7% ,日挖矿收入下降至 2649 万美元

比特币减产后,全网算力(指最近 7 天的算力均值)出现了明显的下降。根据 glassnode 的数据,当前算力为 582.2 EH/s,较减产当天下降了 7.43% 。算力降幅超过币价降幅,这可能表明矿工为了保持利率关闭了部分矿机。

BTC减半后的动态平衡:挖矿收入骤降,关机价来到5.5万美元

根据 f 2 pool 的数据,从不同矿机的关机价来看,当前矿工面临着较大营收压力。按照数据采集当天的币价 62315.29 美元来计算,如果矿机位于电费较低的地区,假设收取 0.07 美元/千万时的话,那么关机价低于当前币价,尚能盈利的矿机型号有 31 种。其中,蚂蚁 S 21 Pro 的关机价最低,为 3.22 万美元,日净营收为 5.52 美元。根据 BTC.com 的数据,去年 8 月,最低关机价还在 1.43 万美元。

如果矿机位于电费较高的地区,假设收取 0.12 美元/千瓦时的话,那么尚能盈利的矿机型号只有 3 种,蚂蚁 S 21 Pro、蚂蚁 S 21 Hyd、蚂蚁 S 21 ,关机价在 5.52 万美元以上。

如果当前市场行情不能好转,那么电费高低就是决定矿工生死的重要因素。如果市场行情好转,那么好转到什么程度,矿工压力能缓解?

BTC减半后的动态平衡:挖矿收入骤降,关机价来到5.5万美元

假设电费仍然保持低位,当币价上升至 80000 美元时,能够盈利的矿机数量将达到 45 种,关机价最低的仍然是蚂蚁 S 21 Pro,日净收益最高的是神马 M 63 S( 390 T),达到 12.30 美元。当币价上升至 100000 万美元时,能够盈利的矿机数量将达到 66 种,关机价最低的是蚂蚁 S 21 Pro,日净收益最高的是神马 M 63 S( 390 T),达到 18.41 美元。当币价上涨时,对矿工而言,可选择的矿机种类大幅增加,且可以多元配置。

减半后,矿业收入已经骤减。根据 CryptoQuant 的数据,当前每日挖矿的总收入约为 2648.71 万美元,较今年减半前的日均收入 5476.23 万美元下降了 51.63% 。但值得关注的是,减半当天因 Runes 协议的上线,当日挖矿收入约为 1.07 亿美元,较今年减半前的日均收入高了 95.06% 。

链上需求的强劲上涨可以通过手续费弥补减半带给矿工的损失。Runes 上线当天,交易手续费达到了 8058 万美元,占总收入的 75% 。但随着 Runes 热度冷却交易量走低,当前的日交易手续费约为 228 万美元,较今年减半前的日均手续费下降了 34% 。

BTC减半后的动态平衡:挖矿收入骤降,关机价来到5.5万美元

矿工挖矿收入(美元)=(区块奖励+交易手续费)*币价,所以减半带来的矿工收入减少可以直接在两个方面得到补偿,一是假设交易手续费收入不变,那么币价需要大幅上涨,二是假设币价基本稳定,那么手续费收入需要大幅和持续上涨。当然,这是静态的简易分析,目的是为了展示比特币减半对币价和交易的潜在影响。

按照 CryptoQuant 的数据,减半前挖矿收入的日均值为 5476 万美元,减半后平均日区块量为 139 块,即减半后平均区块奖励为 434.23 BTC,减半后平均每笔交易手续费 0.0002624 BTC,减半后平均每日交易总数 553328.19 次。

当假设交易手续费收入不变,即保持当前平均每笔交易手续费和交易次数,那么矿工要达成今年减半前的日均收入水平,需要币价达到 94489.82 美元,相当于较当前币价提高 51.63% 。

当假设币价保持不变,同时交易手续费保持不变,那么达成今年减半前的日均收入水平,需要交易次数达到 167.37 万次,相当于较减半后日均值提高 202.49% 。

当假设币价保持不变,同时交易次数保持不变,那么达成今年减半前的日均收入水平,需要平均每笔交易手续费达到 0.00080317 BTC,相当于较减半后日均值提高 206.08% 。

03、比特币需求侧仍然疲软,TVL 和 Runes 多项数据走低

估计减半后对矿业的影响规模是重要的,无利可图的矿工将对区块链的底层安全构成威胁。除币价外,交易手续费和交易次数都是需求的直接体现,那么目前比特币的需求情况是怎样的?

从 Runes 来看,根据 Dune Analytics 中@cryptokoryo 的看板数据,相关的交易次数从最初的 46.36 万笔下降至当前的 7.94 万笔,带来的手续费从 881 BTC 下降至当前的 4 BTC。从每日挖矿收入中可以看到,Runes 上线之初的强劲需求是能够为带矿工带来巨额收益的。现在的问题是,如何保持 Runes 等各类比特币项目的需求的持续性。

BTC减半后的动态平衡:挖矿收入骤降,关机价来到5.5万美元

除此之外,比特币的 Layer 2 及 Runes 带来的 DeFi 想象也有可能激发更多的使用需求。从目前的情况来看,据 DefiLIama 统计比特币链上当前的 TVL 已经达到 12.08 亿美元,今年以来上涨了 296% ,减半后基本保持稳定。其中,除了闪电网络(Lightning Network),最近上线的 AINN Layer 2 也表现良好,当前 TVL 达到 5.90 亿美元,成为比特币生态中的主要应用。另外,BiFi、Maya Protocol、BoringDAO 等应用在今年也实现了 TVL 的较快增长。

BTC减半后的动态平衡:挖矿收入骤降,关机价来到5.5万美元

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