金融时报:灰度胜诉业内人士怎么看?对美 SEC 接下来的监管影响有多大?

MarsBitPublished on 2023-08-31Last updated on 2023-08-31

Abstract

SEC 将有 45 天的时间来决定是否遵守裁决,还是要求华盛顿联邦上诉法院对其进行复审,或是直接向最高法院提起上诉。

本周二,加密货币资管公司灰度 (Grayscale)在提供现货比特币ETF方面取得了短暂的胜利,美国联邦巡回上诉法院要求美国证券交易委员会(SEC)重新审查其拒绝灰度投资(Grayscale Investments)将其比特币信托基金(GBTC)转换为交易所交易基金(ETF)的决定。随后,比特币价格飙升 7% 至近 28,000 美元,这一胜利为陷入困境的加密行业带来了些许安慰。
但这并不意味着投资者可以马上买到灰度现货 ETF,同样地,美国证券交易委员会(sec)对加密货币交易所 Coinbase 和币安等一些行业巨头采取执法行动的努力也不会立即受到影响,监管机构想要驯服所谓的“金融狂野西部”(加密行业)仍有很长的一段路要走。
法院如何裁决?
联邦上诉法院裁定,SEC 拒绝 Grayscale 将其旗舰产品 Grayscale 比特币信托基金(Grayscale Bitcoin Trust)转换为 ETF 的申请是错误的。据悉,SEC 于 2015 年批准了Grayscale Bitcoin Trust,目前该基金持有逾 150 亿美元的比特币。SEC 自 2021 年 10 月起开始批准比特币期货 ETF,但认为现货基金容易受到操纵,因为加密代币在基本上不受监管的市场上进行交易。
法官 Neomi Rao 在裁决中写道,美国证券交易委员会(SEC)的否认是“武断且反复无常的,因为该委员会无法解释其对待类似产品的不同态度”。
Grayscale 在声明中表示:“这对于美国投资者,比特币生态系统以及期望让比特币以ETF形式进行更深远推广的人而言,都是里程碑式的进步。”
接下来会发生什么?
SEC 将有 45 天的时间来决定是否遵守裁决,还是要求华盛顿联邦上诉法院对其进行复审,或是直接向最高法院提起上诉。SEC 于周二表示,正在对该裁决进行复审。
业内律师表示,Grayscale 需要为其 ETF 提交新的申请。事实上,尽管法院做出了裁决,但也无法确保新申请将获得批准——SEC 可能会以其他理由继续拒绝新的申请。
实际上,投资者似乎也认为灰度将比特币信托 (GBTC) 转换为 ETF 大概率会再度陷入新的困境。长期以来,灰度一直寻求将其信托转换为 ETF ,而其中重要原因之一则是,与 ETF 不同,信托基金的交易价格往往低于所持资产。即使在周二的裁决公布之后,灰度信托基金的交易价格仍低于 20%,这表明投资者对转换会很快发生仍持谨慎态度。
此外,金融改革组织 Better Markets 建议 SEC 以另一种方式解决法院的担忧——取消比特币期货 ETF,而不是批准新的现货产品。其首席执行官 Dennis Kelleher 表示,该裁决“并没有改变比特币市场受到欺诈和操纵的事实,也没有改变ETF将对投资者构成严重威胁的事实”。
对其他现货比特币 ETF 有何影响?
本月早些时候,欧洲首个现货比特币 ETF 开始交易。在美国,还有十多项其他申请正在等待审批,其中包括一些来自美国最大资产管理公司的申请。律师们表示,所有这些申请都将面临类似的问题,包括防止市场操纵以及如何在交易日结束时为资产定价。
贝克霍斯特律师事务所 (BakerHostetler) 合伙人 Teresa Goody Guillén 表示,尽管灰度公司成功挑战了 SEC 的决定,但没有法律保证它会跳到审查队列的前面。 
而最受关注的 ETF 提案来自全球最大资产管理公司贝莱德(BlackRock)。据悉,该申请于 6 月 15 日首次提交,SEC 于 7 月 13 日正式将贝莱德的申请添加到其备审清单中,随后景顺 (Invesco)、VanEck 和 WisdomTree 也提出了类似的提案,所有这些提案都将于本周迎来初步截止日期。
SEC 观察人士表示,该委员会很可能会推迟 45 天,将决定推迟到 10 月中旬。
而韦德律师事务所(Vedder Price)的 Jeremy Senderowicz 对此则表示:“我认为这些提案同时获得批准的可能性很大。”
对加密数字资产的监管有何影响?
数字资产集团对Grayscale的胜利欣喜若狂,Coinbase 首席法律官 Paul Grewal 称这是“该行业的一个伟大时刻,虽然我们仍然认为,全面的联邦加密货币立法是最好的前进道路,但像这样的裁决是朝着行业所需的清晰方向迈出的重要一步。” 
贝克霍斯特律师事务所(BakerHostetler)合伙人 Teresa Goody Guillén 则认为灰度案的裁决是“对SEC的沉重打击”,她表示:“这证实了 SEC 对加密货币的态度已经迫使其面临法律挑战-——无论是武断和反复无常,还是超越其法定权力,以及不适当的规则制定等。毋庸置疑,这也证实了法院正在让 SEC 对其法律义务负责,以及 SEC 对加密货币的态度。” 
此外,该裁决还可能会给那些希望将更多监管权交给另一家监管机构——负责监管衍生品的商品期货交易委员会(CFTC)的人提供动力。
DLXLaw 的 Lewis Cohen 表示:“上诉法院用严厉的措辞来惩罚SEC,这对SEC来说真是丢脸。” 
对 SEC 针对 Coinbase 和币安的执法案件有何影响?
对于 Grayscale 的裁决重点在于 SEC 的行政程序,而不是其监管和执行的法律权力。因此,该案件对 SEC 指控 Coinbase 和 币安违反证券法的诉讼没有直接影响。 
美国下级法院早先对涉及到 Ripple 的相关案件做出的裁决,认为该公司相关代币在二级市场的交易并未违反证券法,这在一定程度上是对上述案件的质疑。SEC 当前正在上诉,但如果裁决成立,那么其之前对于数字资产证券化监管手段有效性将被削弱。
对此,行业律师发表看法表示,尽管在法律上是不同的,但 Grayscale 的裁决可以用来进一步指控 SEC 误读了现行法律。
杜克大学加密法教授 Lee Reiners 表示:“加密行业表示,这是 SEC 越权的又一例证,足以证明 SEC 成为了一个失控的机构”。

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