沃什:通胀近四周降温,AI正重塑经济,前瞻指引失去必要性

链捕手Published on 2026-07-02Last updated on 2026-07-02

Abstract

美联储官员沃什表示,过去四周美国通胀风险有所缓解,同时人工智能正以前所未有的速度重塑经济,其带来的供给扩张可能提升生产率,但最终对通胀和就业的影响仍有待数据判断。鉴于此,美联储未来将放弃提供利率前瞻指引,转向完全依赖最新经济数据作出决策,以保持政策灵活性。沃什强调美联储的独立性不会改变,政策不受外部压力影响。他还透露,内部成立的五个改革工作组将很快公布成员名单,旨在审视和完善货币政策框架。此外,他重申希望继续缩减资产负债表规模,但过程将是渐进的。

 

作者:李佳,华尔街见闻

 

7月1日,在欧洲央行于葡萄牙辛特拉举行的年度央行论坛上,沃什再次明确表示,美联储不会就未来利率路径提供前瞻指引,希望决策官员能够在每次议息会议上基于最新数据展开充分讨论,而不是提前向市场预告政策方向。

他表示,过去四周美国通胀风险已有所缓解,AI带来的供给扩张可能深刻改变经济运行方式,美国正处于这一变革的中心,但AI最终究竟会带来通胀还是通缩,应由央行依据数据进行判断。

不会提供任何利率前瞻指引

沃什表示,美联储正在“开辟一条新道路”,未来不会像过去那样提前暗示利率走向。他称:

“我们将在四周后召开下一次会议,我希望届时大家能够展开一场真正的家庭式争论。”

他再次强调,前瞻性指引并非当前经济形势下的正确政策,未来美联储仍将坚持依据最新经济数据作出决策,而不是提前向市场承诺政策路径。

这意味着,美联储将更加依赖实时经济数据,而非提前向市场释放政策信号。

就在6月议息会议上,美联储一致决定将联邦基金利率维持在3.5%-3.75%区间不变。不过,最新公布的利率点阵图显示,18位官员中有9位预计今年仍将至少加息一次,市场目前也已基本计入年底前至少一次25个基点加息的可能性。

不过,沃什本人拒绝透露自己的政策倾向,仅强调未来的政策决定将取决于数据表现。

AI正以前所未有的速度改变经济

沃什在论坛上讨论了人工智能对宏观经济的影响。他表示,AI模型能力提升的速度呈现明显的指数级增长。

他指出,AI推动的供给能力扩张将成为未来货币政策必须重点关注的新变量,因为生产率改善意味着经济能够在更低通胀压力下实现更快增长。

不过,他同时承认,目前AI究竟会如何影响就业市场仍存在巨大不确定性。

“关于AI究竟会在什么时候开始真正影响就业,仍存在严重疑问。”

他强调,美联储必须继续同时实现充分就业和价格稳定两大法定目标,任何政策调整都需要兼顾两者。

通胀风险下降,但AI是否具有通胀效应仍待观察

沃什表示,过去四周美国通胀风险已经有所下降,这意味着近期价格压力出现一定程度缓和。

不过,对于市场普遍讨论的AI究竟是通缩力量还是新的通胀来源,沃什并未给出明确答案。他称:

“AI是否具有通胀效应,应由央行来决定。”

在他看来,AI一方面能够提升生产效率、扩大供给,另一方面也可能刺激新的投资和需求,因此最终效果需要依赖数据判断,而不是预设结论。

此外,沃什指出,美联储政策不仅影响美国,也会通过全球金融市场产生明显溢出效应(spillover effects)。

重申美联储独立性:政策不会受到外部压力影响

面对外界持续关注的美联储独立性问题,沃什再次作出明确回应。他称:

“美联储长期以来一直保持独立,现在仍将保持独立,你们不会看到任何改变。”

这一表态也被市场视为对美国总统特朗普近期持续呼吁美联储降息的回应。沃什强调,美联储将自主决定合适的政策路径,不会因外部政治压力而改变决策。

美国正迎来生产率提升的巨大机遇

除了货币政策,沃什当天还重点谈及美国经济长期增长前景。

他说,过去四周自己一直专注于货币政策工作,而当前对于美国而言正是一个充满巨大机遇的时代。沃什认为,美国经济供给侧依然保持强劲,潜在增长率看上去已经呈现上升趋势,因此有充分理由对未来生产率保持乐观。

他说,如果过去四个季度经济表现能够作为未来的参考,那么美国经济前景值得保持乐观。他表示:

“美国不惧怕生产力驱动的经济增长。”

不过,他同时承认,目前尚不清楚生产率改善是否会对短期货币政策产生直接影响,但供给能力持续扩张无疑将深刻影响未来政策制定。

缩表立场未变

除利率政策外,沃什还谈及美联储资产负债表。

他说,过去四周自己对资产负债表的看法没有发生变化。“希望美联储资产负债表规模缩小,这早已不是什么秘密。”

不过,他同时表示,对于资产负债表最终应保持多大规模,美联储仍持开放态度。沃什指出,资产负债表政策主要通过资产价格发挥作用,因此任何有关资产负债表的重大决策都将经过公开讨论,并由FOMC集体决定。

他还表示,目前约6.7万亿美元的资产负债表规模仍远高于疫情前水平,即便未来继续缩表,也不可能在短时间内完成,“18周远远不够”。

五个改革工作组将迎新进展

事实上,放弃前瞻指引只是沃什推动美联储改革的一部分。

上个月,沃什宣布成立五个内部特别工作组,分别负责研究沟通机制、资产负债表、数据使用、生产率与就业,以及通胀框架等议题。他最新透露,特别工作组成员名单最快将于下周公布。

沃什表示,这些工作组不仅会吸纳美联储内部官员,还将邀请外部专家参与,其中包括部分来自美国以外的国际人士。他希望通过这些改革,重新审视美联储的政策框架和沟通机制,使货币政策更加适应当前快速变化的经济环境。

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Related Questions

Q沃什表示美联储未来的利率决策将采取什么新的沟通方式?

A沃什表示,美联储未来不会就利率路径提供前瞻性指引,将放弃过去那种提前向市场预告政策方向的做法。他强调,未来的政策决定将基于每次会议时的最新数据,进行充分的内部讨论后作出。

Q沃什如何看待人工智能对宏观经济和通胀的潜在影响?

A沃什认为,人工智能正在以前所未有的速度重塑经济,它带来的供给能力扩张可能深刻改变经济运行方式,是未来货币政策必须关注的新变量。但他同时指出,AI既能提升生产率、扩大供给,也可能刺激新的投资和需求,因此其最终是导致通胀还是通缩,目前没有定论,美联储需要依据数据进行判断。

Q关于美国近期的通胀形势,沃什有何最新判断?

A沃什表示,过去四周美国的通胀风险已经有所下降,这意味着近期价格压力出现了一定程度的缓和。

Q沃什对美联储的资产负债表(缩表)有何看法?

A沃什重申,他希望美联储资产负债表规模缩小,并且这一立场在过去四周没有改变。但他也表示,对于最终资产负债表应保持多大规模,美联储仍持开放态度,且缩表过程不可能在短时间内完成。

Q沃什在发言中如何回应外界关于美联储独立性的关切?

A沃什明确重申美联储的独立性。他表示,美联储长期以来一直保持独立,现在和未来仍将保持独立,其政策决策不会因外部的政治压力而改变。此举被市场视为对当时美国总统特朗普呼吁降息的回应。

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