AO如何打造适用于AI Agent的去中心化计算网络

Odaily星球日报Published on 2024-06-20Last updated on 2024-06-20

Abstract

本文从网络架构以及特性方面,解读AO如何打造适用于AI Agent的去中心化计算网络。

无需信任地执行任意代码,并足以共享给全世界使用,世界计算机的梦想深深地扎根于去中心化网络。在以太坊之后,许多基础设施项目都作出了尝试,Arweave 即将推出的 AO 网络也是这些尝试之一。

对于一个“世界计算机”来说,可以粗略地分为数据的计算、访问与存储三个部分,Arweave 过去一直在充当“世界硬盘”的角色,AO 网络(Actor Oriented)则引入了通用计算的能力,并提供了智能合约。

AO:基于 Actor 的通用计算网络

目前的主流去中心化计算平台分为两类,即智能合约平台与通用计算平台;智能合约平台以 Ethereum 为代表,网络共享全局的状态内存,对改变状态的运算过程进行共识,因为共识要求大量的重复运算,因此高成本下仅用于处理高价值业务;通用计算网络不对运算过程本身进行共识,而是根据业务验证计算结果,处理请求顺序,不存在共享的状态内存,这降低了成本,允许网络扩展到更多领域的计算,这类以 Akash 等算力网络为代表。

当然,还有一些项目基于虚拟机安全的安全假设,将通用计算与智能合约融合。即共识只处理交易的顺序,并对计算结果进行验证,多个状态变化计算在网络节点中并行处理,计算的环境虚拟机保证了确定性结果,因此只要交易顺序一致,最终状态也将一致。

这类网络由于不共享状态内存,扩容成本很低,多个任务可以并行计算且互不影响。这类项目往往基于 Actor 编程模型,代表就是 ICP,而 AO 也属于此类。Actor 下每一个计算单元被视为单独的智能独立处理事务,计算单元之间通过通讯交互(Actor 是传统 Web2 服务中非常常见的架构)。AO 标准化了 Actor 的消息传递,实现了一个去中心化的计算网络。

与传统被动触发的智能合约(如 Ethereum/Solana 智能合约)不同,具备通用计算 Actor 下的 AO 可以通过一致固定时间循环触发的“cron”方式,来实现智能合约的主动运行,例如一个持续监控套利空间的交易程序。

可快速扩容的去中心化计算能力,Arweave 的超大数据存储能力,Actor 的编程模型,与主动触发交易的能力,这让 AO 网络非常适合托管 AI Agent。AO 也支持将 AI 大模型引入区块链的智能合约中运行。

AO 网络特性

上文介绍过 AO 与智能合约网络的区别,AO 不对计算过程进行共识,对交易顺序进行共识,并默认虚拟机的运行结果是确定性的,从而实现最终状态的一致性。

AO 还具备一定的灵活性,网络以模块化方式设计。网络中存在三种基本单元,调度单元 SU、计算单元 CU 与信使单元 MU。

一个交易被发出,作为通讯层的信使单元接受交易,验证签名,转发给调度单元;调度单元可以看做 AO 与 AR 链的连接点,帮助网络对交易顺序进行排序,并上传至 AR 链完成共识,目前的共识方式是 POA(权限证明);对交易顺序的共识完成后,任务被分配给计算单元,CU 负责处理具体计算,结果返回 MU 转发给用户。

CU 集可以看做是一个去中心化的算力网络,在完整的经济学规划下,CU 节点需要质押一定资产,通过计算性能、价格等因素竞争,提供算力赚取收益,如果出现计算错误的情况,会被罚没资产。这是一个标准的经济学保障。

AO如何打造适用于AI Agent的去中心化计算网络

AO 与其他网络的区别

AO 做为通用计算平台,与 Ethereum 等智能合约平台的区别显而易见。与 AR 同为“世界硬盘”的 Filecoin 也推出了自己的智能合约平台 FVM,但这是一种等效于 EVM 的状态共识机架构,且在体验上不及 Ethereum 等传统智能合约平台。

与 Akash、io.net 等去中心化计算网络不同,AO 依然保留了智能合约能力,AO 最终也在 AR 存储上维护了一个全局的状态。

实际上,与 AO 在架构上最相似的是 ICP。ICP 创造了异步计算区块链网络的最早范式,AO 在很大程度上延续了 ICP 的设计,比如仅对交易顺序排序、相信虚拟机确定性计算、Actor 模型异步处理等。

最大的不同点在于,ICP 是基于容器维护状态,即每个智能合约容器可以只维护自己的 private 状态,或者对状态读取设置条件;而 AO 具备一个共享的状态层,即 AR,任何人都可以通过交易顺序与状态证明复原全网状态,这一定程度上增加了网络的去中心化能力,但也丧失了 ICP 中特殊隐私业务的实现可能(比如客户有隐藏套利路径的需求)。

在经济与设计层面,ICP 为了保证网络性能,对参与节点作出了较高的硬件要求,这造成了较高的门槛,而 AO 相对以公平发射、无准入的方式运行,质押即可参与竞争挖矿。ICP 网络选择了大堆栈的实现方式,为了性能牺牲了灵活性,而 AO 使用了模块化的设计,MU、CU、SU 分离,用户也可以自选虚拟机的实现方式,这也降低了一些开发者进入的成本。

当然 AO 也可能存在与 ICP 一样的系统缺点,比如 Actor 异步模型下跨合约交易缺乏原子性,这会导致 DeFi 类应用发展困难,AgentFi 的构想似乎很难在短时间内实现;脱离传统智能合约范式的新计算模式,也对开发者提出了更高的要求。但 AO 架构下 wasm 虚拟机最高能管理 4 GB 的限制,也导致部分复杂模型无法在 AO 上使用。由此看来,AO 选择 AI Agent 的路线实为扬长避短,有趣的是,ICP 也在 2024 年年初宣布专注于 AI 领域。

当然,对比 ICP 50 亿美金的总市值来说,AR 目前总市值 22 亿美金,仍有不小的差距。在 AI 大发展的背景下, AO 可能仍然存在较大潜力。

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