Tornado Cash 创始人被判共谋洗钱,这样的判罚公平吗?

marsbitОпубликовано 2025-08-06Обновлено 2025-08-07

2025 年 8 月 6 日,纽约曼哈顿联邦法院陪审团裁定 Tornado Cash 联合创始人 Roman Storm 在一起刑事案件中罪名成立。判决结果立刻引发了整个加密行业的强烈关注和反应。

Storm 被控三项罪名:共谋经营无照汇款业务、共谋洗钱、共谋违反美国对朝鲜的制裁措施。经过三周审理,陪审团在前两项重罪上未能达成一致意见,仅就「无照汇款业务」 作出有罪裁定。这项指控最高可判处五年监禁。

Tornado Cash 是部署在以太坊上的一个非托管隐私工具,允许用户通过智能合约打乱交易路径。它使用零知识证明(zk‑SNARKs)技术,用户先存入资金,再通过凭证完成提现,从而遮蔽资金来源和去向。Tornado Cash 本身不保管资金,一旦部署无法更改或关闭。

2022 年 8 月,美国海外资产控制办公室(OFAC)将 Tornado Cash 列入制裁名单,指控其被 Lazarus 等黑客组织用于洗钱。但 2025 年 3 月,美国第五巡回上诉法院裁定 OFAC 超出权限,称智能合约不是财产,不可制裁,随后 OFAC 撤销了对 Tornado Cash 的制裁并移除相关以太坊地址。但 Roman Storm 的法律困境仍未结束。

判决公布,法律与技术边界再次引发争议

Roman Storm 是一名软件工程师,也是加密行业中的早期开发者之一。他最为人所知的身份,是 Tornado Cash 的共同创始人之一。Storm 与另一位联合创始人 Roman Semenov 一同开发了这一项目,并于 2019 年正式推出。自上线以来,Tornado Cash 吸引了大量用户,也包括攻击者、诈骗者,甚至国家支持的黑客组织。

在 Tornado Cash 发布后,Storm 主要负责前端界面的构建与维护,还曾撰写技术文档、接受媒体采访,推动项目的早期推广。他公开支持区块链隐私技术,强调个人金融自主权。2023 年,Storm 被美国司法部逮捕,成为 Tornado Cash 案件中第一位被起诉的开发者。

美国司法部指控 Storm 和其他开发者在明知 Tornado Cash 被滥用的情况下继续维护系统,并通过提供「前端服务」、宣传文档等方式协助资金匿名转移。检方指出,包括 Lazarus Group 在内的组织使用 Tornado Cash 洗钱超过 10 亿美元。

案件审理过程中,检方展示了 Storm 穿着「匿名洗钱」 主题 T 恤的照片,并试图以此证明其对资金用途心知肚明。陪审团对洗钱和制裁指控最终未达一致,法院宣布这两项指控审理失败。

判决后,检方提议将 Storm 收押,理由是其出生地为前苏联国家(哈萨克斯坦),且「具备潜逃条件」。法官 Katherine Failla 拒绝了这一请求,理由是 Storm 持有美国护照,长期居住于西雅图,并与年幼女儿共同生活,不构成逃逸风险。

Storm 目前依然保释在外,尚未确定量刑日期。律师表示,他们计划挑战定罪结果,并提出上诉。


开发者责任边界受质疑,加密行业反应激烈

判决结果公布后,多个加密行业组织迅速表态,对「无照汇款」 定性提出质疑。争议焦点集中在一个问题上:开源开发者是否应为他人使用其代码承担法律责任?

DeFi 教育基金在 X 上表示:「我们对陪审团未能认识到 Storm 无法控制第三方行为感到遗憾。」 该机构强调:「软件开发者应该有权编写与部署去中心化金融工具,包括具备隐私功能的协议。」

Coin Center 执行董事 Peter Van Valkenburgh 也认为该指控「不恰当」,并呼吁立即上诉。他表示,Coin Center 将动用一切资源推动案件进入下一阶段审查。

Blockchain Association 称这一判决「令人失望」,并可能对所有开源软件开发者产生寒蝉效应:「我们呼吁 Storm 提起上诉,并随时准备支持。」

多位独立法律人士也就此案发表看法。Waymaker LLP 的合伙人、Storm 的辩护律师 Brian Klein 表示:「该案件的核心问题在于,是否能因为别人使用某段代码做了坏事,而把作者送上被告席。」 他认为,现行的法律不适用于 Tornado Cash 这样的非托管系统,计划就该罪名继续发起法律挑战。

Alex Urbelis,Ethereum Name Service 法务总顾问,也指出陪审团可能对非托管协议 的运作方式理解不充分。他表示:「如果陪审团能理解 Tornado Cash 并不掌握用户资产的控制权,就不应有这项定罪结果。」


下一步是否重审仍不明确,上诉准备进行中

虽然未被定罪的两项指控暂时搁置,但案件远未结束。检方尚未决定是否对「洗钱」 和「制裁违反」 发起重审,但多方预测,考虑到陪审团长时间无法达成一致,司法部可能会选择放弃这两项。

Storm 的反应强硬。在判决后,他引用特朗普的原话,称自己将「fight, fight, fight」。他的辩护团队表示,Storm 将继续在法庭上抗辩,并呼吁行业团结一致,共同面对监管不清的问题。

特朗普上台后倾向于削弱对加密企业的监管,一些重大诉讼在今年初被撤销或暂停。Storm 案成为少数仍在推进的重大案件之一。但在此案之前,Samourai Wallet 的两名开发者已于上周认罪,同样面临「无照汇款」 相关指控。这一发展也让加密行业对当前司法机关的策略产生更高警惕。


加密投资机构 Variant 的首席法律顾问 Jake Chervinsky 指出,这项定罪可能为美国金融犯罪执法网络(FinCEN)未来执法提供依据。他认为,如果一个开发者因为写代码而被判刑,将给整个开源社区带来巨大不确定性。


目前,Storm 的辩护团队已经在准备上诉材料,计划争取推翻判决。支持他的组织也正联络其他法律专家和政策倡导者,计划在立法层面推动更明确的指引。

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