明牌做空以太坊,了解「大空头」香橼背后的故事

FPublished on 2022-11-17Last updated on 2022-11-17

Abstract

在去年年初做空 GameStop 遭遇滑铁卢而金盆洗手的香橼,这次又公开喊话做空以太坊。

在去年年初做空 GameStop 遭遇滑铁卢而金盆洗手的香橼,这次又公开喊话做空以太坊。

昨日美国机构香橼(Citron Research)在官推上表示,FBI 没有对民主党的第二大捐款人进行足够背景调查,这是国家安全的问题。并直言这再次点燃了我们做空的火焰……我们会继续做空 ETH,因为坚信这个市值 1300 亿美元的代币和整个 SBF 故事一样,具有很多常识性的缺陷。

在去年年初美国散户的那场惊世骇俗的逼空热潮中,香橼曾发布公告表示其将放弃长达 20 年的做空研究,就此不再发布做空报告,并会将重点转移至为个人投资者提供多头交易机会。而这也曾经被一位华尔街对冲基金经理称作「沽空机构时代的落幕」。

不过时隔不到两年,香橼那颗专属于沽空的躁动的心又按捺不住了,在上一次与美股散户正面对决遭遇溃败之后,这一次在推特上的喊话,会不会再一次成为砸到自己脚的石头呢?也许只有时间能给出答案,在此之前,让我们先了解一下香橼背后的故事。

香橼研究是一家知名做空机构,于 2001 年成立于美国,由犹太人 Andrew Left 创办,被称为「最长寿的独立调查机构」。截止 2021 年 1 月底,香橼累计发布逾 150 份做空报告,其中包括 20 余家中概股,并导致 16 家股价跌幅一度超过 80%,7 家退市。

事实上,Andrew Left 创设香橼机构,缘于自己的亲身经历。Andrew Left 从美国西北大学政治学毕业后到一家期货公司工作,半年后那家公司因不当行为被处罚,所有员工被禁止从事期货交易行业。Andrew Left 也被波及,于是他深刻意识到,金融市场存在诸多「劣币」,他要做的,就是通过沽空清除这些「劣币」,让坏公司不再招摇过市,而是接受应有的惩罚。

2001 年,他创办 Stocklemon 网站,专门从事做空股票的调查。很多人认为,这就是香橼机构的雏形。

就沽空策略而言,香橼机构主要通过实地调研与财务分析,找出上市公司财务数据与实际运营状况之间的「落差」,比如虚构销售收入或利润表现,从而发布针对上市公司财务做假的沽空报告。此外,他们还会专门调研上市公司高管是否存在不当行为,以及上市公司资本运作是否合规合法,令他们的沽空题材变得更加丰富。

一位华尔街资深多空策略型对冲基金经理向记者透露,早些年香橼机构的沽空报告几乎从未失手。很多上市公司一面痛恨香橼,一面不得不赞叹他们的确抓住这些上市公司隐藏许久的「财务漏洞」。

香橼著名的沽空操作包括针对 Valeant 制药国际公司(Valeant Pharmaceuticals International Inc.)与电动汽车制造商蔚来汽车,相关沽空报告一度导致这些上市公司的股价崩盘。

香橼做空最著名的「名场面」则是 2011 年做空东南融通,短短四个月就将该公司逼至退市。东南融通财务是一家福建厦门的软件企业,主要给金融系统做应用软件和解决方案。2007 年在美国 IPO,由高盛承销,德勤审计。在事发前,它也曾是高速成长的典范,一度成为中国在美上市最大的软件企业。香橼在 2011 年初公开发表看空报告,质疑公司虚增收入,管理层有污点等。此后东南融通虽出面澄清并回购股票,但审计机构德勤辞职,并曝光了东南融通财务造假以及公司管理层人为干扰审计的事实,当年 8 月东南融通从纽交所退市。

不过,香橼的的沽空报告未必每次都能得胜而归。早在 2012 年 6 月,香橼创办人 Andrew Left 在香橼的网站上发表了一份关于恒大的报告,直指恒大无力偿债,流动性将有严重困难,触发恒大当日急挫近 20%。

两年后,香港证监会市场失当行为审裁处启动研讯程序,指控香橼报告资料涉虚假及误导,并在 2016 年裁定 Andrew Left 败诉,除了禁止其在香港买卖证券 5 年,还要求香橼归还因沽空中国恒大而获利的约 160 万港元。

尽管 Andrew Left 表示不服,多次提出上诉,但都被法院驳回。令香橼在相当长时间基本无法参与港股买卖交易。

「我们创立香橼时,是为了对抗当权派,但现在我们实际上已经成为当权派了」,Andrew Left 曾表示。

在业内人士看来,这也是沽空机构做大做强的必然结局——由于沽空机构影响力日益巨大,越来越多国家金融监管部门不得不日益重视沽空机构对当地金融市场稳定运行所带来的巨大影响,采取相应的从严监管措施。更重要的是,不是所有沽空报告都是真实客观的。一些存在事实瑕疵的沽空报告一旦被金融市场放大炒作,可能给当地金融市场构成安全隐患。

「此外,我们还应该看到,随着越来越多沽空机构将沽空当成一种获利工具(不再是为资本市场驱逐劣币的善举),投资者对沽空的态度,正从信赖转向对抗,甚至在不少散户投资者眼里,沽空机构做大做强后,正配合机构投资者利用手里的金融特权,通过沽空策略掠夺散户的财富。」上述华尔街资深多空策略型对冲基金经理指出。

于是,在去年 1 月香橼发布沽空报告质疑 GameStop 经营状况并直指它股价只值 20 美元后,WallStreetBets 大量散户转而逼空式买涨 GameStop,发泄对沽空机构配合机构投资者做空股票掠夺散户财富的不满。

在沽空 GameStop 失效后,Andrew Left 依然被活跃在 WallStreetBets 论坛的散户们「围攻」,包括他的家人都受到人身安全威胁,导致 Andrew Left 发表观点称「从未见过人们如此愤怒地交换意见」,并称他们是「一群愤怒暴徒」。此外,香橼表示要向美国证监会投诉。不过散户们则发布公开信控诉「对冲基金精英们操纵市场」。

最终香橼研究创始人 Andrew Left 不得不打电话给 WallStreetBets 创始人 Jaime Rogozinski,求后者帮帮忙——因此他在网上受到大批愤怒投资者的攻击,其中一些人甚至威胁他的孩子。然而,此举并未奏效,因为 Jaime Rogozinski 同样无法平息论坛上众多散户们的愤怒情绪。在诸多救助措施无果后,Andrew Left 不得不彻底「缴械投降」——宣布香橼机构不再沽空。

「事实上,基于 GameStop 当前的经营状况(2020 年 3 月差点因疫情导致破产,且错失电商发展的红利期),它是否只值 20 美元 / 股,很多散户或许比 Andrew Left 更清楚。但现在的状况是,当众多散户将逼空 GameStop 作为一种武器,用于向华尔街基金机构的金融特权发起挑战时,香橼与 Andrew Left 若再秉承专业主义,只能沦为散户向金融特权挑战的攻击对象。」上述华尔街大型宏观经济型对冲基金经理向记者指出。这既是香橼的无奈,也是香橼的悲哀——当民粹主义向金融市场蔓延,专业主义(为资本市场驱逐劣币的使命)很可能已无用武之地。

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