SBF 会因 FTX 暴雷而沦「阶下囚」吗?

FPublished on 2022-11-15Last updated on 2022-11-15

Abstract

SBF 目前没有受到任何指控,并且在法庭正式被判有罪之前将被假定为无罪。

SBF 目前没有受到任何指控,并且在法庭正式被判有罪之前将被假定为无罪。

距离 FTX 破产不到一周, Sam Bankman-Fried(SBF)和 FTX 已经在接受至少美国五家监管机构的调查:美国证券交易委员会(SEC)、司法部、商品期货交易委员会(CFTC)、德克萨斯州证券委员会和加利福尼亚州金融保护与创新部。11 月 14 日,一位消息人士告诉路透社,与美司法部纽约南区合作的检察官已对 FTX 的内爆展开调查。

加密社区对 FTX 突然崩溃的震惊正在变成愤怒,因为 SBF 使用客户资金来为其他关联公司 「输血」,曾经最被加密领域信任的人变成一个盗用客户资金的骗子。现在的问题是, SBF 会面临什么刑事后果?除了经济惩罚外,SBF 会因为 FTX 灾难而锒铛入狱吗?

专业律师表示,任何刑事定罪都需要克服两个潜在障碍。

首先是管辖权,美国检察官面临的一项挑战是表明他们对 FTX 拥有管辖权。

FTX 是一家总部位于巴哈马的离岸企业,并且宣称不对美国用户服务,因此辩护律师可能会辩称,其高管的行为超出了美国执法部门的范围。

然而,乔治华盛顿大学法学教授、前美国检察官 Randall Eliason 对财富杂志社表示,美司法部非常擅长寻找将海外被告与美国本土联系起来的「蛛丝马迹」。例如, FTX 与美国银行之间的联系、电子邮件、美国本土举行的会议或其他互动历史。

具体来说,资金何时通过美国银行转移,甚至与犯罪有关的电子邮件何时通过美国,检察官可以使用的最灵活的指控是电汇欺诈,这只要求使用电子通信形式做出虚假陈述。

刑事起诉的第二个潜在障碍是犯罪意图。对公司管理不善并造成大额资金损失并不是犯罪,这种事情在金融市场时有发生。对于刑事案件,必要因素是当事人是否存在欺骗。

具体来说,任何定罪都取决于 SBF 仅仅是无能大意?还是有意隐瞒、欺骗投资者?

以目前了解到的信息来看,最对 FTX 造成致命一击的一点可能是将客户资金借给 Alameda Research 这一行为。

FTX 的服务条款告诉其用户:「你账户中的任何数字资产都不是 FTX Trading 的财产,也不应该或可能借给 FTX Trading」。

受监管的证券和衍生品市场通常禁止在未经投资者同意的情况下将客户资金用于自营交易或借出。在不受监管的加密市场中,不存在此类客户保护规则。不过法律专家表示,将客户资金用于未披露的目的可能构成欺诈或挪用公款。

前曼哈顿联邦检察官 Samson Enzer 对华尔街日报表示:「这将归结为,是否存在故意谎言来说服储户或投资者放弃他们的资产?是否有虚假陈述,而这些陈述的制造者知道它们是虚假的,并且是为了欺骗投资者而做出的?」

互联网是有记忆的。律师表示,检察官可以根据 SBF 在 Twitter 发表的声明进行调查,他曾表示 FTX「很好」并且客户资产是安全的(尽管这些推文后来被删除),检察官只需证明 SBF 在撰写这些推文时有意误导客户。

Zuckerman Spaeder LLP 合伙人、前联邦检察官和 CFTC 执法主管 Aitan Goelman 对华尔街日报表示:「这都是潜在的强有力的间接证据」。

一位未具名的加密律师告诉《财富》杂志社, SBF 的行为和 FTX 的商业行为明显表明存在欺诈行为,FTX 的服务条款、该公司的投资者陈述和 SBF 的公开声明都可以作为证据。

这位加密律师补充说,美国司法部根据联邦刑法第 1343 条提起诉讼的所有要素都已准备就绪,该条涵盖了电汇欺诈——借助电子工具实施的各种欺诈行为,该法令最高可判处 20 年监禁。

SBF 目前没有受到任何指控,并且在法庭正式被判有罪之前将被假定为无罪。

如果美司法部确实提起刑事指控,该机构还必须逮捕与任何不法行为有关的 FTX 高管,这将需要找到他们并安排引渡。SBF 投资的新闻机构 Semafor 援引知情人士的话称,几名 FTX 高管已飞往香港,但 SBF 仍留在巴哈马。

加密领域里不乏庞氏骗局、欺诈和 Rug pull,FTX 的破产只是历史的重演,面对散户和机构的质问,SBF 仅在推文中表示对整个局面感到「抱歉」,然而没有品行底线的创业者,哪怕一时再辉煌,最后也将身败名裂,甚至锒铛入狱。

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