比特币暴跌后,矿工的日子还好过吗?

深潮Published on 2025-11-25Last updated on 2025-11-26

过去两个月,矿工 7 日平均收入从 6000 万美元下降 35% 至 4000 万美元。

撰文:Prathik Desai

编译:Chopper

比特币矿工的财务逻辑十分简单:他们依靠固定的协议收入生存,却要面对浮动的现实世界支出。当市场震荡时,他们是最先感受到资产负债表压力的群体。矿工的收入来自出售开采的比特币,而运营成本主要是运行挖矿所需重型计算机的电费。

本周,我追踪了比特币矿工的一些关键数据:网络支付给矿工的报酬、赚取这些收入的成本、扣除现金支出后的剩余利润,以及经会计核算后的最终净利润。

在当前比特币价格低于 9 万美元的水平下,矿工陷入困境。过去两个月,矿工 7 日平均收入从 6000 万美元下降 35% 至 4000 万美元。

让我详细拆解其中的关键逻辑。

比特币的收入机制是固定且编码在协议中的。每个区块的挖矿奖励为 3.125 枚比特币,平均出块时间为 10 分钟,每天约产生 144 个区块,相当于每天全网挖矿产出约 450 枚比特币。按 30 天计算,全球比特币矿工累计挖矿 13500 枚,以当前约 8.8 万美元的比特币价格计算,总价值约 12 亿美元。但如果将这笔收入分摊到创纪录的 1078 EH/s(艾哈希)算力中,最终每 TH/s(太哈希)算力每天的收入仅为 3.6 美分,这就是支撑这个价值 1.7 万亿美元网络安全运行的全部经济基础。(注:1 EH/s=10(18)H/S;1 TH/S = 10¹² H/S)

成本方面,电费是最关键的变量,其高低取决于挖矿地点和矿机效率。

如果使用 S21 级别的现代矿机(每太哈希功耗 17 焦耳),且能获得廉价电力,矿工仍能实现现金盈利。但如果矿机以老旧设备为主,或需支付高额电费,那么每一次哈希计算都会增加成本。在当前的哈希价格(受网络难度、比特币价格、区块补贴和交易费影响)下,一台 S19 矿机若使用每度 0.06 美元的电力,仅能勉强保本。一旦网络难度上升、比特币价格小幅下跌,或电费飙升,其经济效益将进一步恶化。

让我用一些具体数据分析一下。

2024 年 12 月,CoinShares 估计,上市矿企 2024 年第三季度开采 1 枚比特币的现金成本约为 55950 美元。如今,剑桥大学的估算这一成本已升至约 58500 美元。不同矿工的实际挖矿成本存在差异:全球最大的上市比特币矿企 Marathon Digital(股票代码 MARA)2025 年第三季度开采每枚比特币的平均能源成本为 39235 美元;第二大上市矿企 Riot Platforms(股票代码 RIOT)的成本为 46324 美元。尽管比特币价格较峰值下跌 30%,至 8.6 万美元,但这些矿企仍在盈利。而这并非全部真相。

矿工还需考虑非现金支出,包括折旧、减值和股票期权补偿,这些因素共同使得挖矿成为资本密集型行业。一旦计入这些成本,开采 1 枚比特币的总成本很容易超过 10 万美元。

顶级矿企 Marathon 和 Riot 的挖矿成本

MARA 既使用自有矿机,也通过第三方托管设备挖矿。MARA 需要支付电费、折旧费和托管费用。粗略计算显示,其每枚比特币的总挖矿成本超过 11 万美元。即便 CoinShares 在 2024 年 12 月估算的总挖矿成本也约为 10.6 万美元。

表面上看,比特币挖矿行业看似稳健。现金利润率丰厚,有望实现会计盈利,且运营规模足够大,能够随意筹集资金。但如果深入分析,你就会理解为什么越来越多的矿工选择持有开采的比特币,甚至从市场上增持比特币,而非立即出售。

头部矿企的比特币储备

像 MARA 这样实力较强的矿企之所以能覆盖成本,是因为它们拥有辅助业务且能接入资本市场。然而,许多其他矿企只要网络难度再上升一次,就可能陷入亏损。

综合来看,矿工行业存在两种并存的盈亏平衡场景:

第一种是大型工业级矿企,他们拥有高效矿机、廉价电力和轻资本资产负债表。对他们而言,比特币价格从 8.6 万美元跌至 5 万美元时,每日现金流才会转为负值。目前,它们每开采 1 枚比特币的现金利润超过 4 万美元,但在当前价格水平下,能否实现会计盈利则因矿企而异。

第二种是其余的矿工群体,一旦计入折旧、减值和股票期权支出,他们将难以维持盈亏平衡。

即便保守估算每枚比特币的综合成本在 9 万 - 11 万美元之间,也意味着许多矿工已跌破经济盈亏平衡点。他们之所以能继续挖矿,是因为现金成本尚未被跌破,但会计成本已超标。这可能会促使更多矿工选择持有比特币,而非现在出售。

只要现金流保持为正,矿工就会继续挖矿。在 8.8 万美元的价格水平下,整个系统看似稳定,但这一前提是矿工不出售比特币。一旦比特币价格进一步下跌,或矿工被迫清算持仓,他们就会逼近盈亏平衡线。

因此,尽管价格暴跌将继续影响散户和交易群体,但目前尚不太可能伤害到矿工。不过,如果矿工的融资渠道变得更加受限,情况可能会恶化,届时,增长飞轮将断裂,矿工将不得不加大对辅助业务的投入以维持运营。

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