顶着特朗普施压,今夜美联储或仍“静观其变”,但鲍威尔还能强势多久?

华尔街见闻Published on 2025-05-07Last updated on 2026-06-30

Abstract

今夜利率将大概率保持不变,会议声明和新闻发布会将至关重要,焦点将继续集中在对关税影响的评论以及未来降息路径的指引上。

面对特朗普的屡次施压,市场预计美联储将继续“按兵不动”,等待关税政策及其影响明朗,鲍威尔的发言或也难有新意,焦点将继续集中在对关税影响的评论以及降息相关指引上。

5月8日北京时间凌晨2:00,美联储将公布5月利率决议,目前市场普遍预期美联储将按兵不动,继续暂缓降息。在决议公布30分钟后将举行新闻发布会,美联储主席鲍威尔可能将重申"不急于"调整利率的立场。

目前,美国经济“硬数据”依然保持坚挺,3月份通胀有所放缓,4月份失业率保持稳定,一系列硬数据好于预期,叠加美国政府在关税方面的态度更为温和,风险资产已从剧烈波动中恢复,为美联储争取了一定的观望空间。

期货市场将下次降息的预期推迟至7月,并预计在年底前再降息两到三次。高盛认为美联储对降息的态度愈加谨慎,触发降息需要就业等硬数据走弱。

“硬数据”保持韧性

一系列的关税消息削弱美国消费者信心,家庭正准备应对潜在的物价飙升和就业疲软,但目前为止“硬数据”依然保持韧性。

数据显示,美联储最爱通胀指标降温,3月核心PCE物价指数同比2.6%;4月非农就业增17.7万,大幅好于预期,失业率保持稳定。花旗报告指出,4月份稳健的就业报告将给鲍威尔主席在5月7日的FOMC会议上维持政策利率不变的理由。

自特朗普政府宣布关税以来,美联储官员一直在权衡两难选择:一方面是关税引发的通胀风险,另一方面是经济增长可能放缓的担忧。

富国银行高级美国经济学家Sarah House表示:

硬数据仍然坚挺,我认为我们还会听到这样的声音:当前环境下不确定性很高,他们准备根据需要采取行动——或者不采取行动——以努力兼顾双方的职责。

会议声明会有哪些变化?鲍威尔会说些什么?

今夜利率将大概率保持不变,会议声明和新闻发布会将至关重要,焦点将继续集中在对关税影响的评论以及未来降息路径的指引上。

声明措辞变化:经济描述将微调

美联储在会后声明中将对经济状况描述进行调整。由于第一季度GDP受进口驱动出现萎缩,委员会将无法重申整体经济活动"继续稳步扩张"。摩根大通预计,美联储将下调对经济活动的评估——表明经济活动已"放缓",而非"继续以稳健的速度扩张"。

同时,摩根大通预计美联储将保持现有前瞻指引不变:在考虑联邦基金利率目标范围的额外调整范围和时间时,委员会将仔细评估即将到来的数据、不断变化的前景和风险平衡。尽管“额外”这一词汇已显得陈旧,但美联储声明中经常出现这种情况。

鲍威尔新闻发布会:焦点在通胀与关税影响

投资者将密切关注鲍威尔在新闻发布会上的表态,尤其是他是否会重申政策制定者"不急于"调整利率。美联储很可能会重申其观望态度,观察特朗普的关税政策如何渗透到实际数据中,再决定下一步行动。

鲍威尔最近几周曾表示——并且可能在周三重申——央行必须“确保一次性的价格上涨不会成为持续的通胀问题”。

“新美联储通讯社”Nick Timiraos也在最新报道中指出,面对经济衰退和通胀压力的两难困境,美联储将更倾向于“保通胀”,同时将密切关注劳动力市场的变化,将就业数据作为其决策的重要参考。

此外,鲍威尔几乎肯定会面临关于特朗普压力的质疑。特朗普已经放弃了威胁解雇鲍威尔的言论,但在近期一次采访中称鲍威尔对不愿降息的态度“非常固执”。鲍威尔可能会试图避免任何激怒特朗普的回应,并强调美联储在货币政策审议方面的独立性。

降息可能要等到7月

目前期货市场预期美联储将在7月29日至30日的会议上降息25个基点,并在年底前再降息两到三次。彭博社调查的经济学家预计美联储只会降息两次,且将从9月份开始。

花旗银行预计美联储今年将降息125个基点,但指出降息的时点将取决于劳动力市场何时开始显示进一步放松的迹象。高盛和巴克莱在5月2日强劲美国就业报告公布后,都将下次降息预测从6月推迟到7月。

高盛Jan Hatzius等分析师指出,与2019年贸易冲突期间相比,美联储对降息似乎设置了更高的门槛。如今通胀和通胀预期都高得多,决策者需要看到更有说服力的经济放缓证据才会采取行动。

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533 Total ViewsPublished 2025.05.13Updated 2025.05.13

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