比特币是否最终会成为另一只美股?

Odaily星球日报Published on 2024-12-27Last updated on 2024-12-27

Abstract

比特币和美股之间的相关性在逐渐增强。

原创|Odaily星球日报
作者|jk

被收编中的比特币,最终会变成另一种美股?


比特币的价格波动长期以来和传统金融市场呈现两种截然不同的趋势,这背后有着两种完全不同的叙事:作为风险资产,在市场情绪高涨、风险偏好增加时,比特币的表现往往与美股趋同,呈现出较高的正相关性。这主要是由于机构投资者的参与增加,使其与其他高风险资产的资金流动模式相似。然而,在市场恐慌或风险事件爆发时,比特币又会被视为避险资产,与美股走势脱钩,甚至出现负相关性,尤其是当投资者对传统金融系统失去信心时。


这两种叙事使得比特币的角色更为复杂,既成为风险资产的一部分,也可能扮演避险资产的角色。到底会是哪一种呢?尤其是在这个特朗普即将上任的时间点上?


价格关联性:比美国国债更“避险”


根据 TradingView 的统计,在过去十年间,比特币与标普 500 指数的相关性为 0.17 ,低于其他替代资产。例如,标普高盛商品指数(S&P Goldman Sachs Commodity Index)与标普 500 的相关性在同期为 0.42 。尽管比特币与股市的相关性历来较低,但近年来这一相关性有所增加。在过去五年中,其相关性上升至 0.41 。


但是,比特币较强的波动性让相关性一个数据变得不那么可靠:比特币与标普 500 的关系在 2023 年 11 月 11 日时(FTX 事件前后)表现为-0.76 的负相关性,但到了 2024 年 1 月却达到了 0.57 的正相关性。


相比之下,标普 500 表现相对稳定,年均回报率约为 9% 至 10% ,并作为美国经济的基准。尽管标普 500 的整体回报率可能低于比特币,但胜在稳定和波动性低。

被收编中的比特币,最终会变成另一种美股?


比特币和纳斯达克指数的对数比较。来源:FRED


可以看到,在宏观热点事件发生时,两者通常会出现强力相关性:例如, 2020 年新冠疫情后的市场复苏期间,两者都出现了显著的上升趋势。这可能反映了在宽松货币政策背景下,投资者对风险资产的需求增加。


然而,在其他时间段(如 2022 年),比特币和纳斯达克的走势差异较大,显示出相关性的减弱,尤其是在只针对于加密市场发生的黑天鹅事件的时间段,比特币会出现单边暴跌。


当然,在周期性的回报率上,比特币完全可以做到甩纳指三条街。但是,单纯从价格相关性的数据来看,两者的相关性确实在不断增强。


WisdomTree 发布的一则报告也提到了类似观点,报告的观点是:尽管比特币与美股的相关性从绝对值上来说不高,但是在近期这一相关性低于标普 500 指数与美国国债的回报相关性。
全球范围内数万亿美元的资产以标普 500 指数作为基准或试图追踪其表现,使其成为全球最受关注的指数之一。如果能够找到一种资产,其回报率与标普 500 指数之间具有-1.0 (完全反向)、且相对稳定的相关性,那么这种资产将备受追捧。这种特性意味着,当标普 500 指数表现为负时,这种资产有可能提供正回报,展现出对冲特性。


尽管股票通常被视为风险资产,美国国债则被许多人认为更接近于“无风险”资产。美国政府可以通过印钞履行债务义务,尽管美国国债,尤其是期限较长的国债,其市场价值仍可能存在波动。2024 年的一个重要讨论点是标普 500 指数与美国国债的相关性系数正在接近 1.0 (正相关 1.0)。这意味着两类资产可能在同一时间段内同时上涨或下跌。


资产同时上涨或下跌与对冲的初衷正好相反。这种现象类似于 2022 年,当年股票和债券同时录得负收益,这违背了许多投资者对分散风险的预期。


比特币目前并未表现出强烈的对标普 500 指数回报率的对冲能力。从数据来看,比特币与标普 500 指数的相关性并不显著。然而,近期比特币与标普 500 指数的回报相关性低于标普 500 指数与美国国债的回报相关性。如果这一趋势持续下去,比特币将引起更多资产配置者和投资者的关注,并在时间中逐步成为一个更有吸引力的投资工具。


从这一角度而言,与无风险资产美国国债相比,比特币只需要做那个“跑的比美国国债更快”的避险资产就足够了,投资者会自然而然选择比特币作为投资组合里的一项。

被收编中的比特币,最终会变成另一种美股?


图表展示了 2022 年比特币价格与标普 500 指数之间的 50 天滚动相关性。从平均水平来看,相关性约为 0.1 ,高点超过 0.4 ,低点则低于-0.1 。来源:WisdomTree


机构持仓:ETF 占比越来越大


机构投资者在比特币市场中的作用越来越重要。截至目前,比特币的持仓分布显示出机构对其市场影响的显著提升,这种集中化趋势可能进一步推动比特币与美股走势的关联性。以下是具体分析:


根据数据,比特币目前已开采 1990 万枚,总量为 2100 万枚,因此剩余 110 万枚尚未开采。


在已开采的比特币中,超过 5 年的前 1000 个休眠地址的持仓占比为 9.15% ,相当于约 182 万枚。这部分比特币通常不会进入流通市场,实际上降低了市场的活跃供应量。
此外,根据 Coingecko 数据,包括 Microstrategy 在内的前 20 家上市企业持仓占比为 2.63% ,约为 52 万枚,其中仅 Microstrategy 一家就持有比特币总量的 2.12% (约 44 万枚)。


另一方面,根据 The Block 的数据,截止本文写作时间,所有 ETF 的机构持仓目前达到了 117 万枚。

  • 如果假设休眠地址的比特币、未开采数量,以及上市企业的持有量保持不变,那么市场中的理论流通量 = 1990 - 182 - 52 = 1756 万枚
  • 机构持仓占比: 6.67%

由此可见,ETF 机构目前已控制了比特币流通量的 6.67% ,这一比例在未来随着更多机构介入可能进一步上升。从去年同期到今年,我们可以发现来自于交易所的份额被显著压缩,而来自于 ETF 的份额进一步增长。

被收编中的比特币,最终会变成另一种美股?


比特币持仓占比。来源:CryptoQuant


与美股类似,当机构投资者对市场的持仓占比逐步提高时,投资决策行为(如增减持)会在价格波动中扮演更关键的角色。这种市场集中化现象容易导致比特币价格走势受到美股市场情绪的显著影响,特别是在宏观经济事件驱动下的投资资金流动中。


“美国化”进程


美国政策对比特币市场的影响日益显著。这一议题而言,目前更多是未知数:根据特朗普目前的行事风格,如果在未来的关键政策节点上,加密友好人士占据重要决策位置,例如推动更宽松的监管环境或批准更多与比特币相关的金融产品,比特币的采用率势必进一步提升。这种采用的深化不仅会巩固比特币作为主流资产的地位,还可能进一步拉近比特币与美股这两个反映美国经济走向的资产之间的相关性。


综上所述,与美股的相关性正在逐渐增强,其主要原因包括价格对宏观事件的共同反应、机构持仓对市场的显著影响、以及美国政策趋势对市场的潜在影响。从这一角度来说,我们未来确实可以借助美股的走势,来判断更多对于比特币的趋势。

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