Vitalik Buterin 上海演讲全文:以太坊的过去十年与未来挑战

链得得Published on 2024-10-20Last updated on 2024-10-27

作者 | Vitalik Buterin

编译 | PANews(吴说在原文基础上有所调整)

原文链接:

https://www.panewslab.com/zh/articledetails/tjxfwbpy.html

10 月 17 日,由万向区块链实验室主办的 “第十届区块链全球峰会” 正式召开。以太坊联合创始人 Vitalik Buterin 在会上发表了演讲,回顾了以太坊的发展历程并展望了未来。他表示,以太坊未来将通过 Layer 2(L2)技术实现超过 10 万笔每秒的交易处理能力(TPS),同时实现以太坊上任意链到其他链的转账可以在 2 秒内完成,用户体验将更加统一。此外,他还指出,以太坊基础设施正在扩展,跨链的安全性比 EVM(以太坊虚拟机)更为重要。

以下为演讲全文:

大家早上好!

以太坊项目始于 2013 年 11 月,以太坊基金会则于 2014 年成立,主网在 2015 年 7 月上线。回顾这过去的十年,我们的主要目标始终是完善以太坊的技术。如果大家听过我在 2015 年、2016 年或 2017 年的演讲,你们可能会发现我当时所讲的内容与现在差别不大。2022 年,我们完成了从工作量证明(PoW)向权益证明(PoS)的全面转移。那时,我也谈到了扩展性、隐私、零知识证明技术,以及安全问题。这些都是我们过去十年持续在做的事情,而现在我们在这些方面取得了巨大的进展。

如何衡量这些进展?

首先是交易费用。以太坊 Layer 2(L2)技术的交易费用降低了。大家可能还记得,在 2020 年和 2021 年,还没有 L2,那时的 Layer 1 交易费用非常高,通常在 5 美元到 10 美元之间,我个人支付过最高的费用是 800 美元。到了 2022 年和 2023 年,L2 开始出现,交易费用明显比 Layer 1 便宜很多,但仍不够便宜。

今年 3 月,我们提出了 EIP-4844,这是一个重要的概念,旨在为 Layer 2 提供更多的数据空间,能够以更低的成本处理交易。通过这一机制,交易费用大幅下降,从原先的 0.2 美元降至 0.01 美元。这种大幅度的费用降低,对于许多应用场景是至关重要的。开发者和用户都能因此获益,尤其是在费用极低的情况下,开发者甚至可以为用户承担这些成本。这使得以太坊在社交应用中的成功变得可能。

第二个进步是交易确认速度。

当你发出一笔交易,多久才能确认?比特币的平均出块时间是 10 分钟,有时可能会等上 30 分钟甚至更久。而以太坊最初的出块时间是 17 秒,随后调整为 4 秒,再后来是 12 秒。尽管出块速度提高了,但 Gas 费用的设计仍有效率问题,低费用时可能会让交易等待更长时间,可能是 5 分钟,甚至 30 分钟。

2021 年推出的 EIP-1559 解决了这个问题。现在,90% 的情况下,交易在发送后会迅速确认,而剩下的 10% 也只需稍等片刻。这些改进大幅提升了 Layer 2 的效率。在 2023 年和 2024 年,我们的目标是进一步降低交易成本和加快确认速度。通过让 Layer 2 节点快速反馈交易确认信息,用户几乎可以在 0.5 到 1 秒内知道交易是否成功。

第三个重要进展是用户体验的提升。

2015 年的以太坊交互界面非常简陋,如 EtherTweet,而现在的应用,例如 Firefly(结合了 Farcaster、Twitter 和 Lens),质量显著提高。这展示了我们在用户界面和体验上的巨大进步。值得注意的是,在一些国家,如阿根廷和土耳其,超过 10% 的人口持有数字货币,但大多数人是通过中心化服务使用这些数字货币,因为中心化交易平台提供了免费且快速的转账服务,用户界面也做得很好。如果我们希望这些用户转而使用区块链并充分利用其去信任的特性,必须提升去中心化应用的用户体验。

智能账户和账户抽象技术也在不断进步。例如,Safe 作为一个著名的多签名钱包被广泛使用,而 ZKEmail 是一种基于零知识证明的邮箱应用,用户可以通过以太坊智能合约管理和验证账户信息。这些技术极大地提升了用户的安全性和隐私。

零知识证明的进展也令人振奋。从 2015 年开始谈论零知识证明技术,到现在它已经成为实际应用的一部分。早期的 Zcash 交易可能需要 90 秒甚至更久,现在这一过程在手机上只需 1 秒钟。像 Zupass 这样的基于零知识证明的身份应用,以及 Rarimo 这种用来验证护照信息的应用,正在为各类应用提供可能。

我们也看到了钱包用户体验的大幅改善。过去几年,区块链技术不断进步,让我们能够开发出面向主流用户的应用,而五年前这是不可想象的。

未来的挑战和方向

尽管我们取得了很多进展,但以太坊仍面临一些重要挑战。以太坊的生态系统现在像一个 30 岁的人,正在走向成熟。我们需要一个统一的生态系统,使得跨链转账更简单和安全。当前,用户需要前往特定的网站进行复杂的操作,稍有不慎就可能出错。ERC-7683 协议的推出,可以帮助简化跨链转账流程。结合这一协议,发送资产将变得更为便捷。

轻客户也是一个重要的进展。目前,大多数用户通过 RPC 节点来与区块链交互,而这些 RPC 节点是中心化的且基于信任的。Helios 是一个 L1 的轻客户端项目,如果我们将它结合到以太坊和 Layer 2 的框架中,可以实现更为去中心化的轻客户端解决方案。

零知识证明技术在过去五年中从理论走向了实践,现在有很多链上和链下的应用。对于非金融类应用来说,Gas 费用仍是一个问题,因为非金融应用的交易量大、频繁,而金融类应用则主要关注支付。区块链或许无法处理所有的非金融应用需求,但可以与链下部分结合来实现更好的效果。

展望未来的以太坊

我们有几个重要的目标:

1. 通过 L2 实现超过 10 万 TPS 的交易处理能力。

2. 实现以太坊上任意链到其他链 2 秒内的跨链转账。

3. 提供统一的用户体验。

4. 确保跨链的安全性优先于 EVM。

以太坊技术正不断扩展,EVM 仍然重要,但安全的跨链将是未来发展的关键方向。未来,我们将有很多技术可以尝试。如果你曾经有过一些想法但没有成功实现,现在或许是重新尝试的好时机。新技术为我们带来了以前难以想象的可能性。

链得得仅提供相关信息展示,不构成任何投资建议

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