近期美国众议院的两场听证会都说了什么?

重本聪聪Published on 2023-04-20Last updated on 2023-04-21

Abstract

距离清晰的监管法案落地还有很长时间,没必要对此过度恐慌,监管同样是行业发展的一部分。

美国众议院金融服务委员会在4月18日和4月19日分别进行了两场听证会,第一场是关于金融监管的问题,美国证券交易委员会(SEC)主席Gary Gensler出席,其中涉及到加密货币的问题。另外一场则是直接关于稳定币监管的。

SEC听证会关键信息

北京时间4月18日晚22点,首先进行了题为“美国证券交易委员会的监管”的听证会。以下为听证会的关键信息:

1、SEC主席重申,大多数数字代币都属于证券,但大多数交易所都没有调整其运营方式,也没有在SEC注册。

2、美国SEC认为比特币是商品,交易所可以提供交易服务,并且不在SEC的管辖范围。

3、加密行业对SEC近期的监管动作怨声载道,并有议员提议罢免SEC主席。

4、SEC主席未明确表示以太坊属于商品还是证券。

5、SEC不排除对离岸公司采取行动。Gensler认为,离岸公司可能与美国客户非法开展业务,并且SEC对这些案件具有管辖权。

6、美国证券交易委员会(SEC)和美国商品期货交易委员会(CFTC)在争夺对稳定币的监管权。

7、SEC主席表示他本人从未拥有任何加密资产,而且SEC成员也不拥有。

稳定币听证会关键信息

北京时间4月19日晚22点进行了和稳定币相关的听证会,主题为“了解稳定币在支付中的作用和立法的必要性”。

在听证会上,众议院的领导人公布了一项关于稳定币的法案草案,但法案的内容遭到了质疑,民主党的议员认为法案中的内容已经过时,因此法案的内容会做出修订。另外,参议院银行委员会中有议员认为,对于稳定币进行针对性的监管,等于变相鼓励稳定币的发展,会使稳定币的风险扩大。

众议院金融服务委员会提交的稳定币法案草案共有145页,一些关键信息如下:

1、让美联储负责非银行稳定币

美国中央银行将批准和监管Circle和Tether等目前在美国发行或希望在美国发行自己的稳定币的非银行公司,而想要发行自己的稳定币的银行可以在获得主要金融监管机构的批准后这样做。不登记将被处以最高5年的监禁和100万美元的罚款。任何想要在美国开展业务的发行人,无论公司位于何处,都需要注册。

2、(临时)禁止在没有法币支持的情况下使用新的稳定币

新的法案草案包括对没有硬资产支持的稳定币实行两年禁令,并指示财政部牵头对此类“内生支持”的稳定币进行研究。(此处针对算法稳定币和去中心化稳定币)

3、允许政府制定互操作性标准

银行监管机构和国家标准与技术研究院将有能力为稳定币之间的互操作性制定标准,以实现易用性,包括强制性技术和法律规范,以允许用户在不同支付系统之间进行清算和结算,而无需购买稳定币。

4、指示美联储研究数字美元,即央行数字货币(CBDC)

如果该法案成为法律,国会和总统将指示美联储研究央行发行的数字美元的影响。美联储已经开始研究是否发行数字美元,但该法案将强制关注某些重点领域,例如对货币政策、金融稳定和个人隐私的潜在影响。美联储领导人对数字美元表达了不同的看法,期待已久的FedNow实时支付系统将于7月推出,并提供与数字货币类似的更快支付,但使用比中央银行数字货币更多的传统金融基础设施。

美国加密货币监管背景

结合上面两个听证会,这里有个背景需要交代一下。拜登政府在2023年3月22日发布了《总统经济报告》,其中对加密货币进行了严厉的抨击,并且充满对抗性,包括“加密货币没有价值”、“稳定币风险太大”、“依靠经济原则来监管加密资产”。由此立法的进度也随之加快,监管动作也越来越频繁。

美国立法的步骤和周期

从听证会到立法还需要很长时间,这个背景信息就交给GPT来回答,供各位参考。

美国立法流程包括哪些步骤?

1、提案:一个议员或一个委员会可以起草法案,并提交给立法机关的一个议会委员会审议。

2、委员会审议:委员会进行辩论和审议,通过修改、接受、拒绝或推迟法案。

3、议会表决:在众议院和参议院中,如果委员会通过了法案,议长会将其提交给全体议员进行辩论和表决。

4、两院协商:如果众议院和参议院通过了不同版本的法案,议员们会进行协商和合并。

5、总统签字:通过两院表决的法案最终需要总统签署才能成为法律,否则总统可以否决法案,并退回议会重新考虑。

6、否决覆盖:如果两院以三分之二以上的多数通过否决总统的否决,法案仍然可以成为法律。

美国立法周期是多久?

美国立法的周期一般为两年。

小结

整体来看,美国金融机构对于加密行业的监管处于加速收紧状态。两场听证会关于加密货币和稳定币的讨论非常充分,赞同与反对的观点都得到了陈述,接下来就是立法层面的博弈。怎样既能鼓励创新又能避免风险,距离清晰的监管法案落地还有很长时间,没必要对此过度恐慌,监管同样是行业发展的一部分。

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