全过程综述:美国监管突然绞杀,BUSD或走入历史,原因是什么?

吴说区块链Published on 2023-02-14Last updated on 2023-02-14

Abstract

北京时间 2 月 13 日清晨,华尔街日报报道,称美国证券交易委员会 SEC 已告知稳定币公司 Paxos,它计划起诉该公司违反投资者保护法。

北京时间 2 月 13 日清晨,华尔街日报报道,称美国证券交易委员会 SEC 已告知稳定币公司 Paxos,它计划起诉该公司违反投资者保护法。该通知称,Paxos 发行和上架的数字资产 Binance USD 是一种未注册的证券。收到 Wells 通知的公司可以书面回应并告诉 SEC 为什么不应该继续提起诉讼。Wells 通知并不是 SEC 将采取执法行动的最终迹象。该机构的五名委员必须投票授权任何执法和解或诉讼。SEC 之前没有对主要的稳定币发行人采取过执法行动。

北京时间 2 月 13 日下午,彭博社发布新闻,刊登币安声明:纽约州金融服务部 (NYDFS) 已指示 Paxos 停止铸造新的 BUSD,BUSD 是由 Paxos 全资拥有和管理的稳定币,BUSD 市值只会随着时间的推移而下降。Paxos 将继续为产品提供服务,管理赎回。Paxos 还保证资金是安全的,并且完全由其银行的储备金覆盖。

Paxos 表示,自 2 月 21 日起,Paxos 将根据 NYDFS 的指示并与其密切合作,停止发行新的 BUSD 代币。BUSD 将继续得到 Paxos 的全面支持,并且至少在 2024 年 2 月之前可以得到赎回;Paxos 的新客户和现有客户将能够赎回为美元,或将他们的 BUSD 代币转换为 Pax Dollar (USDP)。

13 日下午,CZ 详细发文解释,关于所谓的 SEC 与 Paxos 诉讼,除了公开新闻文章外,他没有任何相关信息。该诉讼是在美国 SEC 和 Paxos 之间进行的。但就他个人而言,同意 Mile 的逻辑(但意义不大):我知道从技术上讲,它不需要通过 Howey 测试就可以被视为证券。如果愿意,SEC 基本上可以自由地将可投资资产定义为证券。但这无疑开创了一个可怕的先例。SEC 将 BUSD 标记为“未注册证券”,并起诉其发行人 Paxos。但是,当 STABLECOIN 显然不符合 Howey 测试标准时,它究竟如何被视为证券。从来没有人在购买 BUSD 时有过“获利预期” 。CZ 的老对手徐明星也表示,他认为 SEC 可能打不赢官司,因为 BUSD 肯定没有盈利预期,不应该是证券;但 NYDFS 可以要求停止 BUSD 或者停止 Paxos 的许可证。

CZ 就此表示,如果 BUSD 被法院裁定为证券,它将对加密行业在被裁定为此类的司法管辖区内如何发展(或不发展)产生深远影响。Binance 将在可预见的未来继续支持 BUSD。我们确实预见到用户会随着时间的推移迁移到其他稳定币。我们将相应地进行产品调整。例如,不再使用 BUSD 作为交易的主要货币对等。鉴于某些市场持续的监管不确定性,将审查这些司法管辖区的其他项目,以确保我们的用户免受任何不当伤害。

关于原因有很多猜测,一种观点认为,结合此前 Kraken 的质押生息产品遭到 SEC 罚款,Paxos 的自有稳定币 USDP 并未在 SEC 警告范围,猜测美国 SEC 打击 BUSD 可能与其存币生息产品有关。而 Circle 也有类似产品,因此也可能受到类似的打击。

另一种观点则认为,“证券”是 1933 年证券法定义的一个更广泛的类别,包括票据、债券、债务凭证、利息证明、抵押信托证明、存款证明等等,并非一定要严格符合豪威测试。稳定币发行方持有基础国库券,这使它们很像货币市场基金,使持有人接触证券,即使他们没有从中获利。

TheBlock 主编 Frank 表示,如果美国 SEC 正在审查 USDC,他不会觉得惊讶。几天前一名交易所高级管理人员告诉他,SEC 正在着手实施针对加密货币的"纳粹长刀之夜"。VanEck 战略顾问 @gaborgurbacs 表示,Coinbase 为 USDC 用户提供“奖励”方案,以 USDC 支付并使用“APY”、“收益率”等术语,鉴于 Paxos 的最新发展和 Gensler 关于质押和收益的表态,猜测是 SEC 正在调查此类问题。支付远期收益可以像某种基金一样受到监管。而 Tether CTO 也点赞了这条推特。

2022 年底,路透社报道,美国司法部对币安的调查始于 2018 年,重点针对币安是否违反美国反洗钱法和制裁规定。至少有 6 名联邦检察官参与其中,部分检察官认为已收集到足够证据,可以对币安采取积极行动,其他检察官则认为仍需要时间审查更多证据。币安近几个月在华盛顿会见了司法部官员。双方讨论了可能的庭外和解方案,可以选择认罪或支付罚款。

但值得注意的是,CZ 强调此次事件是 SEC 与 Paxos 的诉讼,而非与币安的诉讼。从结果而言已经开始赎回流程,上百亿市值的 BUSD 似乎已彻底放弃,未来和解的可能并不大。针对“建议 Binance 接下来制作他们自己类似 DAI 的去中心化稳定币”,CZ 回应称,在这个关头,我们更希望其他人来做,以使其更加……去中心化。我们不能什么都做。这个表述似乎有一些难言之隐。

随后 NYDFS 与彭博社的报道说明了更多的原因。NYDFS 要求停止 BUSD 的原因似乎与稳定币的证券认定、质押没有关系。真正的原因似乎是 Binance-Peg BUSD、Circle 投诉与 Paxos 应对不佳所致。

NYDFS 声明指出,已命令 Paxos 停止铸造 Paxos 发行的 BUSD,因为 Paxos 就 Paxos 发行的 BUSD 监督其与币安的关系存在几个未解决的问题。NYDFS 强调,系授权 Paxos 在以太坊区块链上发行 BUSD,但该部门尚未在任何区块链上授权 Binance-Peg BUSD。

据彭博社报道,Circle 去年秋天向 NYDFS 投诉币安对其自有代币的储备管理不善,表明 Binance 没有存储足够的加密储备来支持它的代币。NYDFS 确定 Paxos 无法“基于广泛的监管参与、最近的检查以及 Paxos 未能及时补救与 Paxos 发行的 BUSD 相关的重大问题”以安全稳健的方式运营 BUSD。“Paxos 未能解决关键缺陷,需要部门采取进一步行动,命令 Paxos 停止铸造 Paxos 发行的 BUSD。该部门正在密切监控 Paxos,以验证该公司是否能够以有序的方式促进赎回,并遵守增强的、基于风险的合规协议”。

律师 Collins Belton 解读,似乎 NYDFS 的真正动机实际上是 Binance Pegged BUSD,认为它没有得到全面储备的支持。直到去年年底,Peg BUSD 与 Paxos 的关系才得到最清晰的披露。SEC 可能会从相同的角度来处理这个问题。因此一个更好的结果是对其他加密稳定币的影响减小(可能不会受到连带效应)。

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