BIS 报告合规观察:稳定币真正的风险,不只是“脱锚”

链捕手Published on 2026-07-03Last updated on 2026-07-03

Abstract

国际清算银行(BIS)最新报告指出,稳定币的真正风险不仅在于价格“脱锚”,更在于其能否融入可识别、可监测、可追责、可监管的金融体系。报告承认稳定币和代币化技术在支付效率、可编程性等方面的优势,但强调货币的核心在于背后的制度安排,包括兑付确定性、流动性支持、法律与监管框架以及金融完整性要求。 从合规视角看,稳定币的风险是一组系统性问题:客户身份难以清晰识别、资金来源与目的不明、跨链交易路径碎片化、责任主体模糊。链上数据的公开性并不等于合规透明,“地址可见”不等于“身份可见”。稳定币的规模已不容忽视,其风险会通过出入金、支付机构等渠道传导至传统金融体系,要求银行等机构加强客户尽调与交易监测。 BIS报告建议,未来应将代币化技术嵌入以央行货币和受监管机构为基础的两层体系,实现“规则前置”——在交易流程中直接嵌入客户识别、风险预筛查、可审计数据轨迹等合规要求。这提示合规部门,金融创新的长远发展必须解决“谁识别、谁监测、谁负责”的根本问题。合规不应是创新的障碍,而应成为其可持续发展的基础设施。

作者:compliance 小白

最近国际清算银行BIS发布了《年度经济报告》第三章:

Anchoring trust in money: innovation beyond stablecoins

可以理解为:把信任锚定在货币中:稳定币之外的创新路径。报告发布于2026年6月23日。

这篇报告如果从宏观金融角度看,讨论的是未来货币体系、代币化和稳定币。

但如果站在合规角度看,它真正提醒我们的其实是:

稳定币的问题,不只是价格会不会脱锚,而是它能不能被放进一个可识别、可监测、可追责、可监管的金融体系里。

一、BIS 不是反对技术,而是在问:信任从哪里来?

BIS承认,稳定币和代币化确实带来一些效率提升,比如更快支付、可编程支付、原子结算和更少的对账摩擦。报告也指出,DLT和代币化可以把资产和资金放到可编程账本上,支持自动化和全天候操作。

但BIS的核心观点是:

货币不是单纯的技术产品。

钱之所以能成为钱,不只是因为它能转账,而是因为它背后有一套制度安排:

有共同记账单位,

有按面值兑付的确定性,

有流动性支持,

有监管和法律框架,

也有金融完整性要求。

这对合规人来说很关键。

因为任何一种新的支付工具,只要进入大规模使用场景,最终都会面对同一个问题:

谁识别客户?谁监测交易?谁处理异常?谁承担责任?

二、稳定币的合规风险,不只是链上匿名

很多人一说稳定币风险,第一反应是“链上匿名”“钱包难查”。

但BIS报告讲得更系统。

在传统金融体系中,银行和受监管机构承担了客户识别、交易监测、可疑活动报告,以及必要时停止或撤回付款等职责。相比之下,稳定币主要流通在公开、无需许可的区块链上,伪匿名性、非托管钱包、跨链桥和混合工具,都可能削弱KYC和AML/CFT控制。

这意味着,稳定币带来的不是一个单点风险,而是一组组合风险:

客户是谁,不一定清楚;

资金从哪里来,不一定完整;

交易目的是什么,不一定可解释;

跨链之后,路径可能被切碎;

出了问题,责任主体也可能不清晰。

所以,对合规部门来说,不能只问一句:

“这个地址有没有风险?”

更应该问:

这个客户为什么要用稳定币?

稳定币和法币账户之间如何进出?

交易对手是谁?

钱包、交易平台、支付机构之间是什么关系?

资金路径是否和客户背景、业务模式一致?

三、链上透明,不等于合规透明

稳定币支持者经常说:链上交易都是公开的,所以更透明。

这句话只说对了一半。

链上数据确实可见,但“地址可见”不等于“身份可见”。

“交易路径可见”也不等于“交易目的清楚”。

BIS也提到,区块链分析公司已经在支持执法机构,一些稳定币发行方也曾冻结特定链上地址,这说明链上技术确实有助于风险识别。

但BIS同时强调,这些措施不能替代日常、大规模的AML/CFT控制。

真正的合规不是买一个工具,而是建立一套闭环:

客户准入前,能不能识别虚拟资产暴露?

交易发生时,能不能监测链上和链下资金流?

命中风险后,能不能人工复核和解释?

形成可疑线索后,能不能留痕、升级、报告?

模型和规则调整后,能不能被审计复盘?

技术只是合规链条中的一环,不是合规本身。

四、稳定币会把“链上风险”带回传统金融

BIS报告提到,截至2026年5月底,稳定币市值约为3200亿美元;2025年稳定币年度交易量估计约为28万亿美元,但剔除同一主体钱包之间转账后,实际经济含义会低很多。

这些数字说明一件事:

稳定币已经足够大,不能被合规部门忽视;

但它还没有成熟到可以完全替代现有金融体系。

更重要的是,稳定币风险并不会停留在链上。

它会通过出入 金、交易平台、支付机构、贸易场景、跨境结算和客户账户,重新进入传统金融机构。

比如:

客户频繁用银行账户给虚拟资产平台入金;

企业客户声称做跨境贸易,但资金最终流向稳定币通道;

个人客户账户出现大量陌生人转入后集中购买虚拟资产;

客户解释为“投资”“结算”“换汇”,但交易行为和收入来源不匹配。

这些场景,本质上都不是单纯的“虚拟资产问题”,而是传统金融机构必须面对的客户尽调和交易监测问题。

五、未来监管方向:不是禁止创新,而是“把规则嵌进去”

BIS提出一个很重要的方向:

未来的代币化金融,不应该脱离现有的信任体系,而是要把代币化技术引入以央行货币和受监管机构为基础的两层货币体系。站在合规角度,这其实就是四个字:规则前置。未来更可行的数字金融基础设施,应该在交易流程里嵌入:客户身份识别,

交易预筛查,

风险规则判断,

可审计数据轨迹,

隐私和数据主权保护,跨机构、跨法域协作机制。BIS也明确提到,具备许可机制的平台如果能在交易流程中嵌入AML/CFT预筛查、名单筛查和可审计数据轨迹,就更有可能在大规模场景下维护金融完整性。这也是合规科技未来真正有价值的地方:不是事后补救,而是在支付和结算发生之前,就把风险控制嵌入流程。

compliance 小白观察

这篇BIS报告给合规人的启发,其实不是“稳定币好不好”,而是:

未来所有新型金融工具,只要想成为主流支付和结算工具,就必须回答合规问题。

谁来识别客户?

谁来监测交易?

谁来处理异常?

谁来承担责任?

谁来保证跨境规则一致?

如果这些问题没有答案,再先进的技术,也只是把风险转移到了更难监管的地方。

所以,站在合规角度看,稳定币不是一个单纯的“币圈话题”。

它会影响银行账户监测、支付机构风控、跨境资金流、虚拟资产准入、客户风险评级和金融犯罪防控。

未来真正有价值的方向,不是用技术绕开合规,

而是把合规能力嵌入技术基础设施。

合规不是创新的对立面。

合规是金融创新能不能走远的基础设施。

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Related Questions

Q根据BIS报告,稳定币除了脱锚风险外,真正的风险核心是什么?

A根据BIS报告,稳定币真正的风险核心在于它能否被纳入一个可识别、可监测、可追责、可监管的金融体系。这涉及客户身份识别、交易监控、异常处理和责任归属等完整的合规框架问题,而不仅仅是价格稳定性的‘脱锚’风险。

QBIS报告指出,货币作为信任工具的基石,其背后包含哪些制度安排?

ABIS报告指出,货币能成为信任工具的基石,其背后包含一系列制度安排,包括:共同的记账单位、按面值兑付的确定性、流动性支持、监管和法律框架,以及金融完整性要求。这些制度共同构成了现代货币体系的核心。

QBIS报告认为,稳定币在合规层面带来的是何种组合风险?

ABIS报告认为,稳定币带来的合规风险并非单点风险,而是一组组合风险。具体包括:客户身份不一定清楚、资金来源不一定完整、交易目的不一定可解释、跨链交易路径可能被切碎、以及在出现问题时,责任主体也可能不清晰。

Q对于“链上透明”的说法,BIS报告有何更深入的观点?

ABIS报告指出,“链上透明”(即交易数据公开可见)不等于“合规透明”。“地址可见”不等于“身份可见”,“交易路径可见”也不等于“交易目的清楚”。技术上的透明不能替代日常、大规模、嵌入业务流程的反洗钱和反恐融资控制体系。

QBIS报告对未来监管和金融创新提出了怎样的方向性建议?

ABIS报告建议,未来的金融创新不应脱离现有信任体系,而是应将代币化技术引入以央行货币和受监管机构为基础的两层货币体系。核心方向是“规则前置”,即在交易流程中嵌入客户身份识别、交易预筛查、风险规则判断、可审计数据轨迹等合规能力,将合规要求内嵌于技术基础设施之中,以实现金融完整性。

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