从发行商到基础设施所有者:Circle 的 Arc 战略与 GENIUS 法案的致命空白

marsbitPublished on 2026-05-27Last updated on 2026-05-27

Abstract

Circle为其自有Layer-1区块链Arc完成2.22亿美元融资,此举标志其从单纯的稳定币发行商转变为同时控制底层结算网络的基础设施所有者。这引发了潜在的利益冲突:传统金融严格区分发行与结算,以确保基础设施的中立性,而Circle同时控制USDC和其运行的Arc网络,可能获得对交易排序、费用和规则的不公平影响力。 文章指出,2025年通过的GENIUS法案专注于稳定币本身的储备和披露要求,但未预见并规范“发行商运营结算网络”这一市场结构问题,留下了监管空白。Arc的投资方包括BlackRock、Apollo等传统金融基础设施巨头,表明其目标是成为核心金融管道。 作者认为,Circle的垂直整合策略在商业上合乎逻辑,旨在获取更持久的利润,但这正是监管需要介入的原因。监管应借鉴传统金融市场基础设施的规则,为Arc这类网络设立可证明的中立性、公平费用和治理分离等义务。目前Arc尚处主网上线前阶段,是制定规则、预防结构性冲突成本最低的时机,一旦其承载大量真实价值,再调整将异常困难。

撰文:Zennon Kapron

编译:AididiaoJP,Foresight News

Circle 为其自有 Layer-1 区块链 Arc 融资 2.22 亿美元。一家稳定币发行商同时拥有其 USDC 结算所依赖的基础设施,这正是 GENIUS 法案从未解决的利益冲突。

过去两年,Circle 一直把自己塑造成负责任的稳定币发行商——它主动寻求监管、欢迎规则,更愿意做一家枯燥但 全额储备的美元发行方,而不是加密投机项目。这种定位在 Circle 仅仅作为发行商时是合理的。但现在,公司正在转向一个全新的角色,这个角色重新激活了金融监管通常极力避免的利益冲突。

Arc 把发行商变成了基础设施所有者

2026 年 5 月 11 日,Circle 宣布已为其自有 Layer-1 区块链 Arc 完成 2.22 亿美元的代币预售,网络完全稀释估值约 30 亿美元。领投方为 Andreessen Horowitz(a16z),BlackRock、Apollo 以及纽约证券交易所母公司 Intercontinental Exchange 等机构参与投资。一家上市公司进行代币预售本身已是首次,而融资规模也显示出 Circle 对该项目的重视程度。

Arc 是 Circle 的核心押注。该项目于 2025 年推出,定位为原生稳定币公链,USDC 将作为支付交易费用的原生资产。目前已完成公开测试网。Circle 首席执行官表示,公司正在探索发行原生 Arc 代币,并转向权益证明(PoS)验证机制。

Circle 不再满足于发行美元,它想要拥有美元运行所在的区块链,而不是让自己的美元在其他公司控制的基础设施上流动。

为什么发行商拥有「铁轨」是个问题?

传统金融严格将金融工具的发行方与清算、结算基础设施分开。清算系统必须对所有参与者的交易保持中立、公平排序,并对发行商及其竞争对手适用完全相同的规则。

当发行商同时拥有结算层时,这种中立性就只剩下一纸承诺,没有任何结构能强制执行。Arc 让 Circle 掌握了其产品竞争所在网络的交易排序、验证和规则制定权。

如果竞争对手的稳定币想在 Arc 上结算,就必须在自己直接竞争对手拥有的基础设施上运行。Circle 可以设置费用、优先交易、定义技术标准、调整网络规则,以有利于 USDC,而且拥有链本身并不强制它保持克制。

这里的问题不是预测 Circle 会滥用权力,而是这种权力本身就不应该被赋予一家稳定币发行商,因为它创造的诱惑是结构性且永久存在的。

GENIUS 法案只管「币」,没管「铁轨」

这就是法律的空白。2025 年 7 月签署的 GENIUS 法案旨在让稳定币作为支付工具变得安全。它详细规定了支付稳定币必须持有的储备、披露要求、发行商监督机制以及持有人保护措施。作为发行商监管法案,它在自身框架内是细致且谨慎的。

但在市场结构层面,它几乎完全沉默。起草者专注于「币」本身——美元代币是否真的值一美元、是否真正可赎回。他们没有考虑发行商同时拥有并运营其底层的结算网络,因为 2025 年还没有哪家主要发行商这么做。

Circle 现在走进了法律留下的空白地带。GENIUS 法案管的是用户钱包里的美元,却对一家同时拥有钱包、铁轨和美元的公司只字未提。

机构投资者的背书揭示了 Arc 的真正目的

看看 Arc 融资的投资方名单:BlackRock 是全球最大资产管理公司,也是 USDC 储备的管理方;Apollo 是大型私人信贷公司;Intercontinental Exchange 拥有纽约证券交易所。这些机构本身就是市场基础设施的建造者和运营者,它们投入资金绝不是为了赌代币价格。

它们投资的是未来将成为核心金融管道的基础设施——一个用于代币化美元、未来还将扩展到代币化基金和证券的结算网络。Arc 正被作为基础设施来建造和资本化,而控制这个场地的公司,正是其稳定币本应作为中性货币在其上流动的公司。

为什么 Circle 别无选择?

这个策略有明确的防御逻辑。USDC 要与规模是其两倍以上的 Tether USDT 竞争,还要面对越来越多银行发行和支付公司推出的稳定币。

单纯作为发行商,只能靠储备利差生存,而这个利差就是全部生意,位置既单薄又易受攻击。现在每个严肃的竞争对手都在试图通过掌控更多产业链环节来跳出这个困境。

Stripe 在建自己的链,Tether 也在扩张基础设施和分发渠道。如果 Circle 继续做纯发行商,而对手都变成了平台,它就只能坐在最弱的座位上。Arc 是 Circle 从「卖产品」转向「运营场地」的尝试——后者的利润空间更大、更持久。

同样的逻辑也正是监管需要制定规则的原因:其他主要发行商都有相同的动机跟随 Circle 去建自己的「铁轨」。

真正的解决方案需要什么?

结构性冲突需要结构性回应,而金融监管已有成熟的模式。交易所受公平准入和非歧视规则约束,清算所则有治理要求,确保其不偏向任何单一成员。核心原则是:所有人必须使用的基础设施,不能被控制在偏向某一使用者的方式下。

应用到 Arc 上,这意味着网络本身需要承担义务,而非仅针对稳定币:

  • 交易排序必须在 USDC 和竞争稳定币之间保持可证明的中立;
  • 费用表必须公开且统一;
  • 链的治理必须以可审计的方式与 Circle 在 USDC 市场份额上的商业利益分离。

这些都不是新奇要求,而是受监管市场基础设施的标准工具包。唯一没应用的原因是,法律是在发行商成为基础设施之前制定的。

欧洲的 MiCA 监管也提供了对比:它和 GENIUS 法案一样,重点放在发行商和储备上,都没有为「发行商同时运营结算网络」的情况准备市场结构章节。现在,在 Arc 仍处于测试网即将转为主网的阶段,补上这一章成本最低;一旦它成为代币化美元经济依赖的管道,再改就昂贵得多。

储备管理方与结算链的紧密纠缠

第一个冲突里面还套着第二个冲突,而投资方名单直接指向它:BlackRock 既管理 USDC 背后的储备,又是 Arc 的投资方。储备管理方、发行商、结算链现在通过重叠的商业利益连接在一起。

每个单独的关系或许都站得住脚,但放在一起,它们描述了一个由少数相互投资的公司组成的高度集中集群,坐在本应中立的美元基础设施的中心。

这种集中度正是市场结构规则需要审查的内容。监管者要问的不是这些机构是否有信誉(它们显然有),而是代币化美元系统是否应该在任何人决定核心场地的中立义务之前,就围绕这样一个小团体形成。

制定规则的窗口期很短

监管者应该警觉的是时间点。从宣布到公开测试网,再到完成融资,Arc 只用了大约一年时间。Circle 已明确表示将推出主网并转向 PoS 验证。

这类基础设施一旦承载真实价值,就很难再重塑——因为修改规则的成本会转嫁到所有在其上构建的机构。结算网络会积累集成、流动性和依赖应用,每增加一层都会提高后续干预的切换成本。

决定稳定币发行商链的中立义务的实际最佳时机,就是现在——Arc 仍处于主网前阶段,规则修改的只是设计文档,而不是已运行的系统。一旦 Arc 处理机构级交易量,监管者再要求 Circle 将链治理与其 USDC 商业利益分离,就相当于命令重建实时基础设施,而这种重建缓慢、昂贵且会遭到激烈抵抗。

垂直整合是策略,也是风险

Circle 的行为并不非理性。拥有全栈符合 Stripe 等公司的相同逻辑,从股东角度看,这是正确之举——因为利润会流向控制基础设施的一方,而纯发行商只是躺在别人铁轨上的单薄生意。

服务于 Circle 股东的策略,正是监管者现在应该审视的,在它固化之前。结构性冲突预防成本低,事后拆解代价高昂。

问题并不复杂:受监管的稳定币发行商是否可以拥有竞争对手必须使用的结算网络?如果允许,那么这张网络必须承担怎样的中立义务?

GENIUS 法案对这两个问题都没有回答,因为 2025 年它们还不需要答案。但在 2026 年,它们需要,而 Circle 正是原因所在。

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What is AGENT S

Agent S: The Future of Autonomous Interaction in Web3 Introduction In the ever-evolving landscape of Web3 and cryptocurrency, innovations are constantly redefining how individuals interact with digital platforms. One such pioneering project, Agent S, promises to revolutionise human-computer interaction through its open agentic framework. By paving the way for autonomous interactions, Agent S aims to simplify complex tasks, offering transformative applications in artificial intelligence (AI). This detailed exploration will delve into the project's intricacies, its unique features, and the implications for the cryptocurrency domain. What is Agent S? Agent S stands as a groundbreaking open agentic framework, specifically designed to tackle three fundamental challenges in the automation of computer tasks: Acquiring Domain-Specific Knowledge: The framework intelligently learns from various external knowledge sources and internal experiences. This dual approach empowers it to build a rich repository of domain-specific knowledge, enhancing its performance in task execution. Planning Over Long Task Horizons: Agent S employs experience-augmented hierarchical planning, a strategic approach that facilitates efficient breakdown and execution of intricate tasks. This feature significantly enhances its ability to manage multiple subtasks efficiently and effectively. Handling Dynamic, Non-Uniform Interfaces: The project introduces the Agent-Computer Interface (ACI), an innovative solution that enhances the interaction between agents and users. Utilizing Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), Agent S can navigate and manipulate diverse graphical user interfaces seamlessly. Through these pioneering features, Agent S provides a robust framework that addresses the complexities involved in automating human interaction with machines, setting the stage for myriad applications in AI and beyond. Who is the Creator of Agent S? While the concept of Agent S is fundamentally innovative, specific information about its creator remains elusive. The creator is currently unknown, which highlights either the nascent stage of the project or the strategic choice to keep founding members under wraps. Regardless of anonymity, the focus remains on the framework's capabilities and potential. Who are the Investors of Agent S? As Agent S is relatively new in the cryptographic ecosystem, detailed information regarding its investors and financial backers is not explicitly documented. The lack of publicly available insights into the investment foundations or organisations supporting the project raises questions about its funding structure and development roadmap. Understanding the backing is crucial for gauging the project's sustainability and potential market impact. How Does Agent S Work? At the core of Agent S lies cutting-edge technology that enables it to function effectively in diverse settings. Its operational model is built around several key features: Human-like Computer Interaction: The framework offers advanced AI planning, striving to make interactions with computers more intuitive. By mimicking human behaviour in tasks execution, it promises to elevate user experiences. Narrative Memory: Employed to leverage high-level experiences, Agent S utilises narrative memory to keep track of task histories, thereby enhancing its decision-making processes. Episodic Memory: This feature provides users with step-by-step guidance, allowing the framework to offer contextual support as tasks unfold. Support for OpenACI: With the ability to run locally, Agent S allows users to maintain control over their interactions and workflows, aligning with the decentralised ethos of Web3. Easy Integration with External APIs: Its versatility and compatibility with various AI platforms ensure that Agent S can fit seamlessly into existing technological ecosystems, making it an appealing choice for developers and organisations. These functionalities collectively contribute to Agent S's unique position within the crypto space, as it automates complex, multi-step tasks with minimal human intervention. As the project evolves, its potential applications in Web3 could redefine how digital interactions unfold. Timeline of Agent S The development and milestones of Agent S can be encapsulated in a timeline that highlights its significant events: September 27, 2024: The concept of Agent S was launched in a comprehensive research paper titled “An Open Agentic Framework that Uses Computers Like a Human,” showcasing the groundwork for the project. October 10, 2024: The research paper was made publicly available on arXiv, offering an in-depth exploration of the framework and its performance evaluation based on the OSWorld benchmark. October 12, 2024: A video presentation was released, providing a visual insight into the capabilities and features of Agent S, further engaging potential users and investors. These markers in the timeline not only illustrate the progress of Agent S but also indicate its commitment to transparency and community engagement. Key Points About Agent S As the Agent S framework continues to evolve, several key attributes stand out, underscoring its innovative nature and potential: Innovative Framework: Designed to provide an intuitive use of computers akin to human interaction, Agent S brings a novel approach to task automation. Autonomous Interaction: The ability to interact autonomously with computers through GUI signifies a leap towards more intelligent and efficient computing solutions. Complex Task Automation: With its robust methodology, it can automate complex, multi-step tasks, making processes faster and less error-prone. Continuous Improvement: The learning mechanisms enable Agent S to improve from past experiences, continually enhancing its performance and efficacy. Versatility: Its adaptability across different operating environments like OSWorld and WindowsAgentArena ensures that it can serve a broad range of applications. As Agent S positions itself in the Web3 and crypto landscape, its potential to enhance interaction capabilities and automate processes signifies a significant advancement in AI technologies. Through its innovative framework, Agent S exemplifies the future of digital interactions, promising a more seamless and efficient experience for users across various industries. Conclusion Agent S represents a bold leap forward in the marriage of AI and Web3, with the capacity to redefine how we interact with technology. While still in its early stages, the possibilities for its application are vast and compelling. Through its comprehensive framework addressing critical challenges, Agent S aims to bring autonomous interactions to the forefront of the digital experience. As we move deeper into the realms of cryptocurrency and decentralisation, projects like Agent S will undoubtedly play a crucial role in shaping the future of technology and human-computer collaboration.

700 Total ViewsPublished 2025.01.14Updated 2025.01.14

What is AGENT S

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