或遭指数除名?Strategy深陷「四重绞杀」危机

marsbitPublished on 2025-11-23Last updated on 2025-11-24

加密市场风声鹤唳,比特币疲软带动行情整体低迷,加速泡沫出清,令投资者如履薄冰。作为重要的加密风向标之一,龙头 DAT(加密财库)公司 Strategy(微策略)正面临多重压力,mNAV 溢价大幅收敛、囤币力度减弱、高管抛售股票以及指数除名风险等,市场信心受到严峻考验。

Strategy 遭遇信任危机,或遭指数除名?

当下,DAT 赛道正迎来至暗时刻。随着比特币价格持续下行,多家 DAT 公司的溢价率全线大幅下跌,股价持续承压,增持行为放缓甚至停滞,商业模式正经受生存考验。Strategy 也未能幸免,陷入信任危机。

mNAV(市场净值倍数)是衡量市场情绪的重要指标之一。近一段时间 Strategy 的 mNAV 溢价迅速收缩,一度逼近生死线。StrategyTracker 数据显示,截至 11 月 21 日,Strategy 的 mNAV 为 1.2,此前甚至跌破 1,相较历史高点 2.66,跌幅约为 54.9%。作为规模最大、最具影响力的 DAT 公司,Strategy 金库溢价的失灵引发市场恐慌,其背后原因在于 mNAV 下跌削弱了融资能力,迫使公司发行股票稀释现有股东股权,股价承压,从而使 mNAV 进一步下降,形成恶性循环。

Strategy

不过,NYDIG 全球研究主管 Greg Cipolaro 指出,mNAV 作为评估 DAT 公司的指标存在局限性,甚至应从行业报告中移除。他认为,mNAV 可能具有误导性,因为其计算未考虑公司的运营业务或其他潜在资产与负债,并通常基于假设流通股数,未涵盖尚未转换的可转换债务。

股价表现不佳同样引发市场担忧。StrategyTracker 数据显示,截至 11 月 21 日,Strategy 的 MSTR 股票总市值约为 509 亿美元,已低于其持仓的近 65 万枚比特币(平均持仓成本为 74433 美元)总市值 668.7 亿美元,这意味着公司股价出现了「负溢价」。自今年初以来,MSTR 股价跌幅已达 40.9%。

这一状况引发市场对其纳指 100 和 MSCI 美国等指数除名的担忧。摩根大通预测,如果全球金融指数公司 MSCI 将 Strategy 从其股票指数中剔除,相关资金流出可能高达 28 亿美元;如果其他交易所和指数编制方也跟进,总流出规模可能高达 116 亿美元。目前 MSCI 正在评估一项提案,即排除那些主要业务为储备比特币或其他加密资产、且这类资产占其资产负债表 50% 以上的公司,并将在 2026 年 1 月 15 日前做出最终决定。

不过,目前 Strategy 被剔除的风险相对较小。例如,纳斯达克 100 指数每年在 12 月第二个星期五进行市值调整,前 100 名保留,101–125 名需前一年在前 100 才能保留,超过 125 的无条件剔除。Strategy 仍处于安全区间,市值位列 Top100 内,且近期财报显示基本面稳固。此外,多家机构投资者,包括美国亚利桑那州退休基金、Renaissance Technologies、美国佛罗里达州养老基金、加拿大养老金计划投资委员会、瑞典银行 Swedbank 和瑞士国家银行等均在三季报中披露持有 MSTR 股票,也在一定程度上支撑了市场信心。

而近期 Strategy 增持步伐明显放缓,被市场解读为「子弹」不足,特别是第三季度财报显示其现金及现金等价物仅为 5430 万美元。进入 11 月以来,Strategy 共增持 9062 枚比特币,远低于去年同期 7.9 万枚的增持规模,当然这也受到比特币价格上涨的影响。其中,本月增持主要来自上周最新一笔 8178 枚 BTC 的扫货,其他交易规模多为数百枚比特币。

为补充资金,Strategy 开始寻求国际市场融资并推出新的融资工具永续优先股(需支付高额股息,8-10%),近期公司通过发行首只欧元计价永续优先股 STRE 募集资金约 7.1 亿美元,以支持其战略布局和比特币储备计划。值得一提的是,截至目前,公司有六笔未偿还的可转换债券,但到期日在 2027 年 9 月至 2032 年 6 月之间。

Strategy

此外,内部高管的动向也增加市场关注。Strategy 在财报中披露,Strategy 执行副总裁邵伟明将在 2025 年 12 月 31 日离职,同时他自今年 9 月以来通过 5 笔交易出售价值 1969 万美元的 MSTR 股票。不过,这类抛售行为是根据预先安排的 10b5-1 交易计划进行的。但这类抛售均按照 10b5-1 预设交易计划执行。根据美国 SEC 规则,10b5-1 交易计划允许公司内部人员在事先设定买卖规则(需明确数量、价格或时间表)的情况下交易股票,从而减少内幕交易的法律风险。

Strategy

多方分析债务风险被夸大,高溢价投资者承压显著

面对加密市场的低迷情绪和 DAT 商业模式的多重担忧,Strategy 创始人 Michael Saylor 发文重申「HODL」理念,表示对近期比特币价格下跌仍保持乐观,未来依然看涨,甚至强调除非比特币跌破 1 万美元,否则 Strategy 的持仓不会出售,以此提振市场信心。

与此同时,市场也从多个角度对 Strategy 给出分析。Matrixport 指出,Strategy 依然是本轮比特币牛市中最具代表性的受益公司之一。市场此前一直担心,公司未来是否会为偿还债务而被迫抛售所持比特币,从当前资产负债结构和债务期限分布来看,其判断短期内「为偿债被迫抛售比特币」的情形发生概率较低,不是当前的主要风险来源。当前承压最大的是高溢价阶段追高买入的投资者。Strategy 大部分融资发生在股价接近 474 美元历史高位、且每股净资产价值 (NAV) 处于峰值的时期。随着 NAV 逐步回落、溢价压缩,股价也从 474 美元回调至 207 美元,前期在高溢价区间入场的投资者因此面临较大浮亏。以本轮比特币涨幅为参照,Strategy 当前股价已较前期高位明显回调,估值相对更有吸引力,且 12 月被纳入标普 500 指数的预期仍然存在。

加密分析师 Willy Woo 则进一步分析了 Strategy 的债务风险,并表示对其在熊市中遭遇清算「高度怀疑」。他在推文中表示,目前 Strategy 的债务主要由可转换优先票据构成,可选择以现金、普通股或两者结合的方式偿还到期的转换债务。其中,Strategy 有约 10.1 亿美元的债务将于 2027 年 9 月 15 日到期。Woo 估算,为避免需要出售比特币比特币来偿还债务,Strategy 那时股票交易价格必须高于 183.19 美元,大致相当于比特币价格 91502 美元左右。

CryptoQuant 创始人兼首席执行官 Ki Young Ju 同样认为 Strategy 的破产概率极低,他直言,「MSTR 只有在小行星撞击地球时才可能破产。Saylor 绝不会出售比特币,除非股东要求这样做,他已经多次公开强调这一点。」

Ki Young Ju 指出,哪怕 Saylor 仅出售一枚比特币,都将动摇 MSTR 作为「比特币金库公司」的核心身份,引发比特币与 MSTR 股价的双重死亡螺旋。因此,MSTR 的股东不仅希望比特币价值保持坚挺,也期待 Saylor 持续通过各类流动性策略,让 MSTR 与比特币价格共同上涨。

针对市场关于债务风险的担忧,他进一步解释称,Strategy 的大部分债务为可转换债券,而未达到转换价格并不意味着清算风险。这只是意味着债券需要以现金偿付,而 MSTR 完全有多种方式处理即将到期的债务,包括再融资、发行新债券、获取有担保贷款,或使用经营现金流。未能转换并不会触发破产,这只是债务到期的正常情况,与清算无关。虽然这并不意味着 MSTR 的股价会永远保持高位,但认为他们会出售比特币来推高股价或者因此走向破产,完全是荒谬的。即便比特币跌至 1 万美元,Strategy 也不会破产,最坏情况仅是进行债务结构调整。此外,MSTR 也可以选择用比特币作为抵押筹集现金,尽管这会带来潜在清算风险,因此将作为最后手段。

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