贝莱德再出手:继比特币后,想把传统 ETF 也搬上链

比推Published on 2025-09-11Last updated on 2025-09-11

继成功推出比特币现货 ETF 后,全球资产管理巨头贝莱德BlackRock)再次把视线投向了区块链。

据 Bloomberg 报道,贝莱德正在探索将与真实世界资产(RWA)挂钩的基金,包括传统 ETF,搬上链的可能性。这一消息迅速引发市场热议,也让“资产代币化”(Tokenization)再次成为讨论焦点。

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这并非孤立事件。Fidelity的代币化货币市场基金(FDIT,对应 FYOXX)本周已在以太坊上线,早前以“隐身模式”推出,由Ondo等机构持有,链上规模已达数亿美元;纳斯达克则向 SEC 申请,希望在交易所内将代币化证券与传统股票并行交易。可见,华尔街正掀起一场“链上化”实验。

贝莱德的加密版图:从 ETF 到链上基金

作为全球最大资产管理公司,贝莱德已在加密领域建立完整布局:

  • 两大旗舰产品:iShares Bitcoin Trust 与 iShares Ethereum Trust 累计资金流入分别达 550 亿美元和 127 亿美元,均在一年内实现管理规模突破 100 亿美元。在全球 ETF 发展史上,这样的速度极为罕见。

  • 主题型基金:iShares Blockchain and Tech ETF 追踪一篮子区块链与加密相关科技企业股票,提供间接的产业敞口。

  • 链上尝试:2023 年推出的BUIDL 基金(BlackRock USD Institutional Digital Liquidity Fund)成为首个规模突破 10 亿美元的代币化基金,并在 2025 年资产规模超过 20 亿美元,目前在以太坊链上运行。

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其 CEO Larry Fink多次表示:“所有金融资产最终都会被代币化。”在他的设想中,区块链将成为未来金融市场的底层操作系统。

不过,贝莱德的代币化尝试依然处在探索阶段。无论是将 BUIDL 推向更大规模,还是进一步把传统 ETF 搬上链,都绕不开一个核心前提–监管批准。目前,美国证券交易委员会(SEC)尚未给出明确框架,而市场各方对代币化的意义与前景也存在一些分歧。

怀疑派:传统 ETF 已经足够了

一些观点认为,代币化并没有为终端投资者带来额外价值。彭博 ETF 分析师Eric Balchunas指出:ETF 本身已是低成本、流动性强、门槛低的产品,几乎没有被取代的理由。

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更何况,代币化股票市场的现状相当小众。根据RWA.xyz数据,链上的代币化美股(如 TSLA、AAPL)总规模不足 5 亿美元,远不及 ETF 市场的数万亿美元。即使 RobinhoodKraken 已经上线代币化股票交易,这类产品依旧局限在加密原生人群。

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这类观点认为,代币化或许能改善后台效率,但对投资者体验几乎无感,更不可能像 ETF 当年替代共同基金那样,再次颠覆市场。

制度派:“过渡方案”

ETF 研究专家Dave Nadig则强调,当前的 ETF 和代币化股票更像是“包装层”,是基于现有体系的一种“过渡方案”。

简单来说:

  1. 它不是真正的革命:目前的做法(比如把股票变成代币)并没有真正改变传统的金融体系。它只是在现有系统之上加了一层,给股票套上一个新包装–代币,这个包裹的核心–股票本身,依然在传统金融的规则下运行。

  2. 真正的代币化需要法律变革:在 Dave Nadig 看来,这指的是资产在区块链上从根本上被创造、交易和结算,而不再依赖于传统券商和清算所。但这种真正的变革,没有法律的重写和监管的全面配合,是永远不可能实现的。

总而言之,现在大家谈论的“代币化股票”,只是在旧系统上做了一个“表面”的改进,而真正的金融革命,需要从法律和监管层面进行彻底的颠覆。现行证券法和清算规则不允许彻底的链上替代;SEC 尚未明确代币化证券的合规框架;传统金融依赖清算所和托管机构,难以被快速取代。

这意味着,除非出现大规模的 法律重写,否则代币化将一直停留在表层,无法实现金融重构。

实践派:扩展 ETF 的边界

实践派的声音,则着眼于“增量用户”和“新玩法”。Ondo Finance CEO Iandebode强调,代币化的价值不在于替代 ETF,而在于扩展它的使用场景和用户群体。

  • 可及性:全球仍有数以亿计的人因地域、资本账户管制或投资门槛,无法直接买入 VOO 等指数基金。代币化能让他们在链上获得这些资产。

  • 可用性:代币化 ETF 不只是“买入并持有”,还能直接作为链上资产参与 DeFi:抵押借贷、加入流动性池、配置自动化策略等。

这类设计类似于 Fidelity 推出的链上货币市场基金,或者 Kraken 提供的代币化股票:它们并未颠覆原有产品,而是赋予了资产更多流动性和组合性,因此 代币化将成为 ETF 的“二次增长曲线”,不是替代,而是扩展。

在各种分歧中,贝莱德的布局显得尤为关键。它既代表着全球最大资管公司的试探,也可能成为华尔街与加密世界融合的范本。

短期来看,代币化难与万亿美元的 ETF 市场相比。但长期来看,随着更多机构入局、监管框架逐渐清晰,这场实验可能真的会从边缘走向核心,甚至改变金融市场的底层逻辑。贝莱德这一步,到底是“新瓶装旧酒”,还是“金融大迁徙”的序章?答案或许将逐渐揭晓。


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