美国4月CPI或初现关税冲击端倪,真正的通胀风暴在未来两个月?

华尔街见闻Published on 2025-05-13Last updated on 2026-06-30

Abstract

美国4月CPI环比预计增长0.3%,核心CPI环比上涨0.3%,关税冲击或反映在对服装、家居用品和通讯领域等领域,但大部分的关税冲击预计在六月和七月才会体现。鉴于当下市场对关税缓和的乐观情绪,市场对CPI任何方向的意外都可能不敏感。

当前市场焦点在关税缓和的叙事上,今夜CPI数据或小幅反映关税传导效应,但这可能只是暴风雨前的宁静,大部分的关税冲击将在六月和七月体现?

北京时间周二晚20:30,美国劳工统计局将公布4月消费者价格指数(CPI)报告。根据彭博社调查的经济学家预测:

美国4月CPI环比预计增长0.3%,高于一个月前的-0.1%的降幅。同时,剔除食品和能源的核心CPI预计环比上涨0.3%,也高于3月 0.1%的涨幅;

从同比来看,4月CPI预计为2.4%,与3月份持平;核心CPI同比预计也上涨 2.4%,持平与3月份。

最为关键的问题是,4月CPI会否反映出关税的传导效应,德意志银行认为4月关税价格上涨的显现可能为时过早,建议应关注一些进口量较大的类别,例如服装、家居用品和生活用品,是否存在任何早期迹象。

此外,食品价格也可能是另一个可以观察关税早期迹象的领域。2018年关税生效两个月后,消费者价格开始上涨。而价格上涨几乎全部转嫁给了消费者。值得注意的是,4月核心CPI的预测范围异常广阔,最高为0.6,最低为0.0%。

关税冲击初现端倪?关注这些关键领域

此前华尔街日经济学家模型显示,10%的普遍关税可能在短期内将通胀率推高约0.3个百分点。而波士顿联储研究估算,关税措施可能使核心通胀率上升0.5%-0.8%,这意味着核心通胀可能重新回升至3%以上。

对于4月CPI表现,高盛预计4月总体CPI将上涨0.31%(共识为+0.3%),反映食品(+0.3%)和能源(+0.4%)价格上涨。该行强调四大关键组成部分的趋势:

1、关税效应:高盛预计关税将对特别敏感的类别产生适度上行压力,对核心通胀贡献+0.06个百分点。可能推高服装(+0.8%)、家具(+0.3%)、教育(+0.4%)和通讯(+0.3%)价格。

2、汽车价格:二手车价格预计下降0.5%,而新车价格可能上涨0.1%,反映4月份经销商因关税减少促销激励。汽车保险:预计4月汽车保险价格大幅上涨(+0.7%),反映保费上涨。高车价、维修成本、医疗和诉讼成本增加都推动保险公司提价。

3、健康保险:4月CPI报告将纳入健康保险组成部分的半年度更新数据,高盛预计这将导致未来六个月健康保险通胀为负(4月预测为-0.5%)。

关于关税传导效应,德意志银行认为4月可能为时尚早,但建议投资者密切关注进口密集型类别,如服装和家居用品,以及今年2月已开始实施关税的食品类别价格变化。值得注意的是,回顾2018年早期的洗衣机关税,其效应大约在实施两个月后才开始在CPI数据中显现。

除关税外,当前通胀格局还有多重复杂因素。Nationwide的经济学家表示,4月份报告中,汽油价格持平将提振整体CPI,而租金价格走软也将提振核心CPI。BMO资本市场经济学家则表示,二手车价格可能会提振核心CPI。

展望未来,根据市场分析师Sharif的观点,关税导致的价格上涨大部分将在六月和七月体现,“这是一个夏天的故事”。他表示,如果对大多数中国商品征收的关税维持在30%的水平,核心CPI同比涨幅可能达到3.5%的峰值。

美联储的两难处境与市场反应

关税引发的通胀反弹将直接挑战美联储的政策路径,部分美联储官员已明确表示,在感觉关税引发的通胀已经达到顶峰之前,他们不会降息。

Sharif表示,官员们或许能在8月份之前察觉到商品通胀的降温。但届时美联储必须警惕通胀跃升至服务业,其中包括从理发到修剪草坪等各种服务。值得回忆的是,2021年,服务业的通胀率曾经飙升,对整体通胀指标产生持久影响。

对于市场反应来说,高盛认为,鉴于当下市场对关税缓和的乐观情绪,市场对CPI任何方向的意外都可能变得不敏感。

高盛分析师Ronnie Walker预测:

关税的影响将开始体现在本周的CPI数据中,关税可能会对核心CPI带来约6个基点的上行压力,尤其会推高电子消费品和服装等商品的价格。

然而,市场对CPI数据的解读可能存在不对称性:如果通胀数据表现平稳,这既可能意味着关税对消费者价格的影响低于预期,也可能意味着关税的影响尚未完全显现。考虑到近期关税政策的缓和,市场对CPI数据任何方向的意外都可能变得不敏感。

Karen Fishman则认为,政策的变化可能已经改变了市场对数据的解读方式。此前,市场可能更倾向于低估宏观数据中的上行意外,而现在,市场可能更倾向于低估下行意外。

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