Vitalik新文:以太坊未来将像比特币一样简洁

coinvoicePublished on 2025-05-04Last updated on 2025-05-04

原文标题:Simplifying the L1

原文作者:Vitalik Buterin

编译:Asher

编者按:曾几何时,比特币让我们惊艳——一个高中生都能读懂的协议,却能支撑全球去中心化金融体系的运行。而当我们回望以太坊,曾承诺的“世界计算机”,如今却被复杂性困住了双脚:从笨重的虚拟机、难以维护的共识机制,到层层叠加的预编译合约、数据结构和 Gas 机制。是时候重新出发了,让以太坊重回简洁轨道,不只是可扩展,更要可理解、可维护、可验证。

以太坊的目标,是成为世界账本——承载文明资产与记录的平台,支撑金融、治理、高价值数据认证等关键基础设施的底层协议。要实现这一愿景,必须兼顾两大核心能力:可扩展性与韧性。

Fusaka 硬分叉将为 L2 数据空间带来 10 倍的提升,2026年路线图也计划对 L1 进行类似的拓展。与此同时,Merge 将以太坊转向了 PoS 共识,客户端多样性迅速改善,ZK 可验证性与抗量子攻击的研究持续推进,应用层也愈发强大。但除了扩容与性能,还有一个容易被忽视却同样重要的韧性基础:协议的简洁性(simplicity)。

简洁,才是去中心化的终极护盾

比特币最让人赞叹的一点,正是其协议的极致简洁:

区块链由一串区块组成;

每个区块通过哈希链接至上一个区块;

区块通过 PoW 验证,即检查其哈希前几位是否为 0;

每个区块包含交易,交易消耗由挖矿或前序交易产生的币。

一位懂代码的高中生也能完全理解比特币协议的运行原理,一个程序员甚至可以将其作为业余项目自行实现客户端,这种简洁性带来了以下好处:

更容易被广泛理解,降低研究和开发门槛,防止被“技术官僚”主导;

降低开发新客户端、验证器、工具等接口基础设施的成本;

减少长期维护的复杂度;

降低重大安全漏洞风险,并更易验证协议正确性;

减少被特殊利益操纵的社会攻击面。

历史上,以太坊在这方面做得并不理想,这导致了不必要的开发成本、安全风险与研究文化的封闭。未来五年,以太坊有潜力变得几乎像比特币一样简洁,我们可以从两个层面着手:共识层与执行层。

简化共识层

未来的新共识机制(曾被称为 beam 链)融合了过去十年关于共识理论、ZK-SNARK、质押经济等方面的深度积累,其目标是构建一个长期最优且显著简化的共识层,关键举措包括:

三槽终结机制(3-slot finality):移除 slot 与 epoch 的复杂逻辑;不再需要 committee shuffle、同步委员会等机制;基本实现约 200 行代码就可写出;比当前的 Gasper 协议拥有更接近最优的安全性。

简化的 fork choice 与网络结构:更少活跃验证者可允许使用更简单的分叉选择规则;STARK 聚合让任何人都能成为聚合器,无需信任与复杂支付;更稳健的 p2p 架构。

简化状态转换相关逻辑:重新设计验证者的加入、退出、提取、密钥切换等机制;降低代码复杂度,并更清晰地表达主观性周期等关键性行为。

共识层的好处是与 EVM 执行较为独立,允许更自由地进行这些升级。真正的难点,在于如何简化执行层。

简化执行层

执行层才是真正的“黑魔法聚集地”:复杂的 EVM 指令集、冗长难懂的预编译合约、难以扩展的 SELFDESTRUCT、历史兼容负担过重,因此用一个简洁、高性能、ZK 原生友好的 VM 替代 EVM,比如 RISC-V,它的优势有:

性能直接提升 100 倍;

与主流编程语言无缝衔接;

可原生运行于零知识证明系统;

静态结构清晰,利于审计与安全验证;

几乎无需预编译合约,未来即使是抗量子算法也可原生部署。

但迁移不是强硬“硬分叉”,而是让老合约继续运行于一个 EVM 解释器中,而这个解释器本身就是 RISC-V 编写的合约。正如 Apple 用 Rosetta 过渡到 ARM 芯片一样,以太坊可以无痛升级虚拟机。

共享组件,打造更优雅的系统底座

未来以太坊协议应当整合更多“共享组件”,彻底降低系统复杂度:

统一纠删码:用于数据可用性采样、历史存储、P2P 广播加速,避免重复设计;

统一序列化格式(SSZ):与当前 ABI 相似,兼容良好但更高效,利于 L2 解耦;

统一状态树结构(二叉树):更适合 ZK 证明,更快,更简单。

这意味着以太坊底层不再由“各种打补丁的妥协”构成,而是真正以工程美学构建起来的“协议积木”。

复杂走到尽头,就是开始简化的最好时机

简洁在很多方面与去中心化相似,都是通往系统韧性的上游价值。真正重视简洁,需要文化上的转变,它的收益往往难以立即量化,而舍弃光鲜功能、付出额外努力的代价却立刻显现。但随着时间推移,简洁的价值会逐渐显现,比特币就是最好的例子。

借鉴 tinygrad 的思路,为以太坊的长期规范设定共识代码的最大行数目标,旨在让共识关键路径的复杂度尽可能接近比特币的简洁水平。历史规则相关的逻辑仍会保留,但应被隔离在非共识路径之外。同时,整体设计应秉持“优先选择更简单方案”的理念,倾向局部封装而非系统性复杂,优先采用那些具有清晰属性和可验证性的架构选择。


声明:本内容为作者独立观点,不代表 CoinVoice 立场,且不构成投资建议,请谨慎对待,如需报道或加入交流群,请联系微信:VOICE-V。

来源:Asher

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