做市商 Wintermute 回顾「1011」加密史上最大清算日

marsbitОпубликовано 2025-10-13Обновлено 2025-10-14

上周五美国宣布自 11 月 1 日起对中国所有进口商品加征 100% 关税,引发了各大市场避险潮。标普 500 指数下跌 2.9%,恐慌指数 VIX 从 16 飙升至 22,十年期收益率从 4.14% 降至 4.05%。投资者纷纷去风险化,转向防御性配置,黄金价格走高。数位货币同样遭遇重创,事件前未平仓合约总额达 2200 亿美元,仅数小时内 190 亿美元杠杆仓位被清算,创下有史以来最大单日爆仓纪录。

以下是我们对现货永续合约和期权市场的观察。

1、现货市场

基于中心化交易所资料汇总,我们看到抛售迅速且同步,多数中心化交易所交易对在 55 分钟内(UTC 时间 20:40 至 21:35)触底,剧烈价格波动迅速导致整体市场流动性枯竭。随着价格从低点回升流动性快速回归。

根据前 50 大币种的汇总交易所资料我们观察到:

  1. 中位数回撤幅度达 -54%,超过 90% 的代币跌幅超过 10%。BTC(-11%)和 ETH(-13%)展现出最强抗跌性,而中小市值资产在峰值时期跌幅达 60-80%。
  2. 全球清算潮中近所有代币于 UTC 时间 21:20 左右触底,随后随着强制抛售的平仓出现急剧反弹,30 分钟内平均反弹幅度达 +84%。
  3. 亏损与市值规模呈负相关:基于 GMCI30 指数,大盘币平均下跌约 -27%,小市值币种平均下跌 -52%。一小时内订单簿状况恢复正常,资金重新流向 BTC、ETH 及主要一层网络代币,小市值币种反弹滞后。
  4. 中心化交易所整体买卖盘深度在低谷时期下降约 65%,但随着报价频率和价差恢复正常,35 分钟内恢复至事件前水准 90% 以上。在此期间流动性虽得到提供,但报价与中间价的价差明显扩大。

2、期权市场

周五美国关税政策冲击引发市场恐慌后,BTC 期货持仓迅速转向防御姿态,交易员争相寻求下行保护,推动期权总成交量创历史新高。

资料涵盖关税头条与市场抛售期间的 24 小时活动,恐慌性对冲主导资金流向,短期看跌期权被积极竞价。至周六市场情绪转变,随着 BTC 稳定在 11.5 万美元附近,交易策略转向波动率收割与区间交易,通过卖出看涨期权和做空日历价差获利。

波动率因避险需求激增,7-14 日隐含波动率跳涨 20-25 点,执行价 10.5-11.5 万美元的看跌期权相对看涨期权溢价 10-15 个波动率点,创有记录以来最大单日期权前端涨幅之一。

期权成交量创新高,主要集中在 10 月到期合约,约 70% 权利金流入 11.5 万美元下方看跌期权,凸显下行保护需求旺盛。Deribit 平台 24 小时交易量较前纪录翻倍。

周六资金流向逆转为波动率卖出,交易员在 11.8-13 万美元区间卖出看涨期权与跨式组合,推动 1 周期隐含波动率从 63% 压缩至 51%,显示市场迅速将关税冲击判定为短期扰动。

3、永续合约市场

在周五的市场暴跌中,中心化与去中心化永续合约市场均经历极限考验,数亿美元杠杆仓位在数分钟内遭清算。中心化交易所出现创纪录清算量与短暂流动性缺口,链上 DEX 永续合约则面临清算系统与资金库的重压,但主流 DEX 平台全程保持正常运营与偿付能力。本次事件成为对链上交易与保证金系统韧性的现实压力测试。

由于部分用户采用多空价差策略,其空头头寸遭遇自动减仓 ADL,导致持仓暂时偏离中性状态,随后在价格持续下跌中多头仓位面临清算。Hyperliquid 平台总计超 1000 个钱包被自动去杠杆,这可能是此次连环清算事件的诱因之一。

以遭遇全网最严重清算的 HYPE 为例,其清算额达 103 亿美元:

此次平仓触发了主流 DEX 永续合约平台的首例跨保证金自动减仓 ADL 事件,该机制的作用是在后备资金库耗尽时通过平仓盈利方部分头寸实现风险化解。

Gas 使用量飙升至历史峰值 105K,约达三月以来日均值的 3 倍,并突破前高纪录两倍,反映出事件期间链上清算与交易活动的激增。

来看中心化交易所的情况:

标普500

未平仓合约遭受重创,多数合约在暴跌期间规模缩减约一半,显示出全面的杠杆冲击。

资金费率急剧转为负值,这是由清算而非仓位调整驱动的机械性波动。周末仅部分恢复,前 100 大代币中多数品种的资金费率仍低于平均水准。

这一切都在提醒我们:在加密货币市场中,风险管理与杠杆控制至关重要,必须为突发事件做好准备。

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