Arbitrum的Nitro和AnyTrust

蓝狐笔记Опубликовано 2022-06-01Обновлено 2022-06-01

Введение

如果Nitro和AnyTrust链在实践中被证明是能够正常运行的,那么这对于Arbitrum上的项目有很大提升。

之前也提到区块链未来的一种演化可能:基于以太坊的L2将超过大多数非以太坊的L1公链(除少数生态发展不错的),成为未来加密活动的主要阵地。以太坊L1主要任务是为L2提供加密领域最为稀缺的资源:安全性。未来在以太坊L1进行兑换、借贷等交互的情况会很罕见,甚至在以太坊L1上进行ETH转账也会变得少见。L2会成为加密活动的主要阵地,L2也会越来越多,不太可能就只有如今的这些L2项目。

基于以太坊的L2将会成为加密活动的主要阵地。目前Rollup还在早期的尝试阶段。从目前以太坊L2总锁定资产规模看,TVL为48.7亿美元,其中Arbitrum的市场份额为53.5%%,位居第一。

(当前L2的TVL情况,L2beats数据)

考虑到前十中,部分L2的TVL中自身代币占比在30%以上,实际上在没有任何代币经济机制激励情况下,TVL达到6000万美元以上的L2其实非常少。目前Arbitrum还没有推出代币经济机制。

随着Arbitrum上交互活动的增加,其费用也在提升。为了应对,Arbitrum也计划推出Nitro和AnyTrust,试图进行降低费用,提供吞吐量。当然,这里面也有一定的权衡,尤其是AnyTrust链,它在去中心化和安全性之间做了相当程度的权衡。

.

Nitro

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根据Arbitrum的介绍,Nitro有如下几点:

New Prover

New Prover是Nitro的核心之一。它可以对WASM代码进行Arbitrum的经典交互式欺诈证明;可以使用标准语言和工具编写以及编译L2 Arbitrum引擎,从而取代如今使用的定制语言和编译器。在正常执行中,验证器和节点运行Nitro引擎(编译为本地代码),当需要欺诈证明则切换到WASM。

将Geth核心编译到Arbitrum

Geth被认为实际上定义了EVM引擎,Nitro用Geth取代当前定制的EVM仿真器。

用Go重写ArbOS组件的精简版本

它提供了运行L2链的所需部分,例如跨链通信、批处理、压缩系统等。这些可以降低L1成本。

测试网与无缝迁移

Nitro的各个组件已经实现,例如欺诈证明、定序器、代币桥、高级数据调用压缩等。Arbitrum推出基于以太坊 Görli测试网的全功能开发网。开发者可以查看测试网并在上面进行构建。在Nitro的堆栈上,可以构建新的扩展模式。例如,Arbitrum的 AnyTrust链也是基于Nitro堆栈之上实施的。

Arbitrum计划将现有的Arbitrum One无缝迁移到Aribitrum Nitro,也就是说,对于用户来说,这个过程会是无感的(链上的所有状态会被保留,有几个小时的计划停机)。一旦成功迁移之后,用户可以感受到费用下降和交互速度加快。

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AnyTrust链

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上面也提到,基于Nitro堆栈,Arbitrum计划推出AnyTrust链。它是一条L2链,AnyTrust会跟Arbitrum One(迭代后为Arbitrum Nitro)同时运行。

AnyTrust链和普通侧链不同

现有侧链可以满足更高吞吐量的需求,为什么还需要AnyTrust链?AnyTrust链跟普通侧链相比较,它需要更少的信任,利于提升处理效率。

根据Arbitrum的介绍:

AnyTrust链有一个节点委员会负责运行,它会对这些节点成员的诚实性作出最低假设。它举了一个例子:假设节点委员会由20个成员组成,其中至少2个节点诚实即可。而在传统的侧链中,一般需要至少超过2/3的成员是诚实的,也就是说,在20个成员中,至少需要14个成员是可靠的。AnyTrust链将诚实节点数的最低要求极大降低,其重要原因是利用了Rollup的功能。

如果上述假设成立,那么,节点通过委员会提供数据,在L1上记录交易批次的哈希是安全的, 从而节省Rollup的成本。也就是说,如果法定人数签名承诺提供支持一批交易的数据,它可以供任何需要它的人使用,发布该数据的哈希是安全的。如果法定人数签名特定状态转换正确的声明,可以接受该状态转换,无须等待挑战期。如果委员会提供担保,可以立即执行向L1的提款。在20名委员会中,19名通过签名承诺即可。

如果至少2名诚实的成员,20节点中19个成员签名,那么,意味着至少有一个诚实的成员签名。也即是说,在20名委员会中,只要有2个是诚实的+任何由19名委员会成员法定人数签名的事务都会是正确的。原因是,至少有两名诚实的成员,且只有一名成员没有签署,所以法定人数(签名人)必然会包括至少一个诚实的节点。

假设会员不签名?或者为数不少的成员拒绝合作或无法正常运行?那么,链依然可以运行,它会退回到原先的Rollup协议。也就是当前的方式运行。数据依然发布在以太坊L1上,提取依然需要一周左右的延迟。当委员会正常运行,链会切换回更便宜和更快的模式。

在一个由20个节点组成的委员会中,19个成员正常运行,以此来实现更低成本运作。

为什么要推出AnyTrust链?

Aribtrum一开始是L2,它采用了Optimistic Rollup的模式。它基于以太坊链(L1)的安全性,同时通过Rollup方式实现更低的交易成本和更高的吞吐量。

不过,有一些应用,例如游戏领域,它们对安全性的需求相对较低,而在交易成本和吞吐量方面的需求较高,AnyTrust链权衡了安全性,通过节点委员会运行的模式来构建效率更高的侧链,试图满足不同的需求。

Nitro和AnyTrust链对生态的影响

如果Nitro和AnyTrust链在实践中被证明是能够正常运行的,那么这对于Arbitrum上的项目有很大提升,比如MAGIC生态中目前已有一些游戏项目开始启动,如果能提升吞吐量,降低交易成本,那么有机会吸引更多的用户参与进来。

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