Ethereum's Two Major Upgrades in 2026: How to Achieve Breakthroughs in 10,000+ TPS and Privacy Security?

marsbitPublished on 2025-12-29Last updated on 2025-12-29

Abstract

Ethereum is planning two major upgrades for 2026: Glamsterdam (mid-year) and Heze-Bogota (year-end), aimed at significantly improving scalability, privacy, and security. Glamsterdam focuses on boosting transaction speed and reducing costs through three key improvements: parallel transaction execution (enabling multiple transactions to be processed simultaneously instead of sequentially), an increase in the gas limit per block (from 60 million to potentially 200-300 million units), and integration of ZK-proof verification for more efficient and cheaper transaction validation. Combined with the continued expansion of data blobs, these changes could help Ethereum Layer 1 approach 10,000 TPS, while also greatly enhancing Layer 2 performance. Heze-Bogota aims to strengthen privacy and censorship resistance. It will introduce Fork-Choice Inclusion Lists (FOCIL), a mechanism allowing multiple validators to force certain transactions into blocks, mitigating censorship. The upgrade will also enhance privacy protections through improved encryption and anonymity features, and further decentralize the network to reduce reliance on large node operators. These plans represent the current roadmap and may evolve as development progresses.

In 2025, Ethereum successfully completed two important upgrades, Pectra and Fusaka. In 2026, Ethereum's pace remains tight, with two major upgrades (hard forks) planned: Glamsterdam (around mid-year) and Heze-Bogota (around year-end). These upgrades aim to further advance Ethereum in terms of TPS, privacy, and security.

The Glamsterdam upgrade focuses on making Ethereum faster and cheaper, primarily through parallel processing, increased Gas limits, ZK proof verification, and more.

Parallel processing means that currently, Ethereum operates like a single-lane road, processing transactions one by one, which can lead to congestion. Parallel processing enables multi-lane operation, allowing multiple transactions to be processed simultaneously. This can significantly boost Ethereum's speed.

Gas limit increase: Gas is the "fuel fee" for transactions. Currently, each block has a limit of 60 million units. After the upgrade, this could be raised to 200 million (or even 300 million), allowing more transactions to be included in a single block.

ZK proof verification: Previously, validators had to re-run all transactions repeatedly to check for correctness. With ZK proofs, results can be verified directly, saving time, effort, and costs, making the process more efficient.

Parallel processing + Gas limit increase + ZK proof verification—if the upgrade proceeds as planned in 2026 (this premise is crucial)—Ethereum L1 is expected to gradually achieve the goal of 10,000 TPS. Combined with the expansion of Blobs (potentially up to 72 or more), L2 TPS will also see a significant increase. After the 2026 upgrades, Ethereum's ecosystem will largely be capable of handling various application scenarios in terms of performance.

The Heze-Bogota upgrade primarily addresses privacy and security shortcomings.

For example, it introduces Fork-Choice Inclusion Lists (FOCIL), a mechanism that allows multiple validators to collaboratively force certain transactions into blocks, ensuring transactions proceed smoothly even if malicious actors attempt censorship, thereby enhancing resistance to suppression. It will also strengthen privacy protection, making transaction details harder to窥探, such as through better encryption or anonymity technologies. Additionally, it will promote decentralization, reducing reliance on a few large nodes and making the network more distributed and less susceptible to manipulation or attacks.

The above is currently a展望, and specific implementations may change over time. Stay tuned for updates on the progress of the actual rollout plans.

Related Questions

QWhat are the two major Ethereum upgrades planned for 2026 and what are their primary goals?

AThe two major Ethereum upgrades planned for 2026 are Glamsterdam (targeted for mid-year) and Heze-Bogota (targeted for year-end). Glamsterdam aims to make Ethereum faster and cheaper by focusing on parallel processing, increasing the gas limit, and ZK-proof verification. Heze-Bogota focuses on enhancing privacy and security through mechanisms like FOCIL, better encryption, and improved resistance to censorship.

QHow does the Glamsterdam upgrade plan to achieve a higher TPS (Transactions Per Second) for Ethereum?

AThe Glamsterdam upgrade aims to achieve a higher TPS through three main improvements: implementing parallel processing to handle multiple transactions simultaneously instead of sequentially, significantly increasing the gas limit per block (from 60 million to potentially 200-300 million units), and utilizing ZK-proof verification to allow validators to check transaction results directly without re-running all computations, which saves time and resources.

QWhat is FOCIL (Fork-Choice Inclusion Lists) and what problem does it solve in the Heze-Bogota upgrade?

AFOCIL (Fork-Choice Inclusion Lists) is a mechanism introduced in the Heze-Bogota upgrade that allows multiple validators to collaboratively force specific transactions into a block. This ensures that transactions can be processed even if there are malicious actors attempting to censor them, thereby enhancing the network's anti-censorship capabilities and overall security.

QWhat role do ZK proofs play in the Glamsterdam upgrade's goal of improving efficiency?

AIn the Glamsterdam upgrade, ZK (Zero-Knowledge) proofs allow validators to directly verify the correctness of transaction results without the need to re-execute all the computations. This method is more efficient, saving significant time, computational power, and cost, thereby contributing to higher overall network throughput and lower transaction fees.

QBeyond FOCIL, what other improvements does the Heze-Bogota upgrade bring to Ethereum's privacy and decentralization?

ABeyond FOCIL mechanism, the Heze-Bogota upgrade enhances privacy by implementing better encryption and anonymity techniques to make transaction details less visible to others. It also aims to improve decentralization by reducing reliance on a few large nodes, making the network more distributed and resilient to manipulation or attacks.

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