比特币矿机如何定价?矿机价格走势的回顾与预判

吴说区块链Published on 2022-12-05Last updated on 2022-12-05

Abstract

比特币挖矿是一个周期性的资本密集型行业。

比特币挖矿是一个周期性的资本密集型行业。从历史角度来看,决定该行业回本周期的最重要因素是购买矿机的时机。挖矿业务保持高效性固然极其重要,但在高价时进行矿机的购买显然会对回本周期产生影响。

本文分析了矿机采购的时机对投资回报周期的影响,并且就矿机的定价方式以及未来矿机的价格走势进行了解释和预估。

矿机是如何定价的?影响因素是什么?

一台矿机的唯一目的是输出算力。因此,机器的价格是基于其算力值和能耗值的。Hashrate Index的矿机价格指数1显示了不同能效等级矿机的价格随时间变化的走势。根据该指数,目前最高效矿机的平均价格为20美元/TH,这意味着Antminer S19j Pro(104 TH/s)的价格约为2000美元。

矿机的市场价值与算力价格密切相关。算力价格是指单位算力的预期日收入。根据算力价格指数2来看,目前算力价格是0.0584美元,以Antminer S19j Pro(104 TH/s)为例,此价格下其日收入是6美元。算力价格的好处是,它抓住了决定挖矿收入的所有变量:难度、区块奖励和比特币价格。

像任何其他可产生收益的资本资产一样,矿机的定价是基于它在其生命周期内产生收益的潜在能力,这几乎完全由算力价格决定。因此,矿机价格和算力价格两者高度相关。

图片图一:高能效等级矿机价格和算力价格的变化走势

上图显示了矿机价格和算力价格在过去一年的变化。我们看到尽管有一定的滞后性,但矿机价格始终紧跟算力价格的走势。比特币价格的下跌和挖矿难度的上升导致了算力价格在11月至2月间的暴跌。在此期间,矿机价格之所以能保持相对平稳是因为仍然有将大量资本投入到矿机的部署中。

5月至8月间,随着挖矿收益不断缩减,导致市场对机器的需求减少,机器价格因此急剧下降,进而迫使市场对机器重新定价。经过这一年的动荡,矿机价格下降了81%,算力价格更是下降了84%。

大家或许想知道市场是如何对矿机进行定价的。估计矿机内在价值的一个简单方法是设定一个目标投资回本期,然后计算机器是否会产生足够的收益以实现在这期间的投资回本。

按照以往来看,高能效等级矿机的价格一般是基于12至24个月的投资回收期。我们继续以Antminer S19j Pro(104 TH/s)3为例,假设目标回本周期为12个月,这样,一台每千瓦时需支付0.05美元的机器每天将产生6.1美元的收入以及3.7美元的支出,使其每天的毛利为2.4美元。然后我们把日毛利乘以365天,得到的年毛利为876美元,而这也将是你愿意为这台机器支付的最高价格,前提就是目标回收期为12个月。

按照目前S19j Pro(104TH/s)机器约2000美元市场价格,以上述收益来算的话,其回本周期大约为27个月。但考虑到此前12个月的投资回报目标,你也许并不会进行采购这台机器。

把握矿机购买时机的重要性

结合上文中提及的矿机定价理论,现在让我们分析一下过去一年中不同时间段内购买矿机的回报情况。

下图比较了过去一年中不同时间购买Antminer S19j Pro的回报周期。它显示了机器购买时的预期投资回报期和当前最新的预期投资回报期。

图片图二:机器购买时的预期投资回报期和当前最新的预期投资回报期对比

在2021年11月的牛市高峰期,一台Antminer S19j Pro的价格约为11,000美元。尽管机器价格很高,但由于高利润的比特币挖矿环境,当时的预期投资回报期只有13个月。11月下旬,这台机器花了大约4美元的电费(0.05美元/度),平均每天收益为33美元,每天的毛利为29美元。比特币矿机简直就是在印钱,也难怪人们愿意花高价进行购买。

但那些在高峰期花高价购买矿机的人可能会后悔他们的决定。曾经承诺的13个月的投资回报期已被一度增长到107个月,因为每天的挖矿收益已经从29美元下降到2.4美元。考虑到目前的挖矿经济,买入高能效等级的矿机后,需要到2030年才能回本。

我们可以看到,在1月至5月间购买机器的矿工同样面临着极长的投资回报期,是否能回本也变得非常不确定,原因是在2022年的前几个月,矿机价格并没有下跌那么多。

如上述所示,矿机价格在夏季时急剧下跌。相比于在年初进行矿机采购的投资者,在此次价格下跌期间及之后购买机器的投资者的情况要好得多。7月份时购买的机器的预期回本周期为58个月(5年),而9月份的购买者其预期回报周期为47个月(4年)。尽管情况肯定会更糟,但对于像矿机这样快速贬值的资产来说,这些投资回报期仍然显得过于漫长。

不出所料,现在正处于2022年购买矿机的最佳时机。预期投资回报周期为29个月,尽管这在历年看来仍然较长。有趣的是,如今购买矿机的预期回报期比2021年11月26日的预期回报期高出两倍之多。这是由于当时挖矿经济的臃肿和不可持续,关于这两点我们将在下文提及。

图片图三:Antminer S19j Pro回报率变化走势

接下来是关于矿机采购时机的选择的重要性的一些额外的观点,上图显示了2021年11月购买的Antminer S19j Pro的回本情况。可以看到期初的高挖矿利润率最终是如何实现快速投资回报的。随着一年内挖矿利润的下降,回报率同样呈现出逐渐下降趋势。目前只收回了38%的机器投资成本。

2021年末挖矿市场主题:不惜任何电价进行挖矿

2021年末极高的挖矿收益使得在相对较高的电力价格下挖比特币仍是有利可图的。良好的挖矿经济激励矿工大量投资于矿机部署中。

图片图四:不同电价下的预期投资回报期和当前最新的预期投资回报期对比

上图将2021年11月和现在购买Antminer S19j Pro的预期投资回报期进行了比较。正如我们所看到的,对于2021年11月购买的机器,电价对投资回报期几乎没有影响。从0.03美元/度到0.07美元/度,仅将投资回收期从12个月延长到了14个月。但同时,如果你现在进行类似的机器购买,0.03美元/度到0.07美元/度之间的差异,却能使投资回收期从18个月剧增至74个月。

2021年11月时,投资回收期对电价的敏感性极低,这表明当时的矿机市场已经过热。当挖矿经济如此膨胀,以至于矿工几乎愿意在任何电力成本的情况下挖矿。这是一个强烈的信号,表明市场条件已经在一个方向上走得太远,修正可能即将到来。在2021年11月购买矿机的矿工押注于比特币牛市的延续性,因为这将是唯一可以保持采矿利润率上升的条件。

在火热的市场中进行资产采购很少能获利。最成功的投资者是那些在价格被压制时进行投资的逆向思维者。这样的投资者现在可能会更倾向于投资矿机,因为随着游戏从资本投资最大化转向运营支出最小化,行业参与者不得不更加谨慎。

从历史上看,购买矿机的最佳时机是预期投资回报期较低而挖矿经济紧张的时候。我们在2021年11月看到的90%的毛利率是不可持续的,迎来的只可能是“下降”。当利润率不可避免地下降时,机器价格也会下降。

相对而言,在挖矿利润率紧张期间购买矿机意味着有扩大利润率的空间,这将导致投资回报期大大缩短。如果矿机同时以较低的投资回报期倍数定价,那么将有很大的可能获利。

未来矿机价格走势

正如上文提到的,矿机价格与算力价格高度相关。因此,估计未来的矿机价格可以说是作为预测算力价格的一个函数。只要比特币价格不上涨,算力价格就会一直呈下降趋势。原因是全网算力可能会一直增长到2023年。算力价格的下降将导致矿机价格进一步收缩。

此外,目前矿机市场的隐含投资回报期相对较高,这意味着即使算力价格因多重压缩而保持平稳,机器价格也会持续下降。在目前的挖矿经济下,正常的18个月的投资回收期相当于每TH的价格约为13美元,这意味着比如今20美元/TH的价格下降了35%。

另外,目前市场上机器供过于求,但我认为这还没有完全影响到市场。许多矿工正在苦苦挣扎4;一些人甚至拖欠机器抵押的贷款,迫使机器被扣押。矿工和贷款人抛售机器的供应冲击可能会在未来几个月对矿机市场造成巨大的下行压力。

综合来看,矿机价格或将持续大幅下降。

总结

比特币挖矿作为一个周期性的资本密集型产业,矿机的采购时机比大多数人意识到的要更重要。无论挖矿业务运作效率如何,高价时购买矿机历年来都被视为是对比特币挖矿收益最具破坏力的行为。

矿机定价的最简单方法是看其隐含的投资回报周期。矿机会迅速贬值,这意味着投资者应该以快速收回投资成本为目标。从历史的角度看,矿机市场的隐含投资回报期一般为12至24个月。超过此范围或将是矿机市场价值被低估或高估的信号。

有一点我们需要知道,当挖矿的经济效益不可持续时,投资回报期将格外漫长。超强的盈利期通常不会持续很久,当盈利期回落时,投资回本期将明显被拉长。这种情况曾在2022年时发生过,那些在2021年11月市场高峰期购买矿机的矿工已有过惨痛的经历。

在过去一年中,矿机的价格已下跌了80%以上。这可能激发了许多具备逆向思维的矿工的投资意愿。虽然机器比以前便宜许多,但由于挖矿难度越来越大,加上其他方面多重压缩,以及水深火热中的矿工较强的抛售心理,其价格可能会呈持续下降的趋势。

相关链接:

1.https://data.hashrateindex.com/asic-index-data

2.https://data.hashrateindex.com/chart/bitcoin-hashprice-index

3.https://hashrateindex.com/rigs/bitmain-antminer-s19j-pro-104th

4.https://hashrateindex.com/blog/an-overview-of-the-debt-burdens-of-the-public-bitcoin-miners/

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