一文梳理Genesis陷入困境始末

币圈一级市场阿生Published on 2022-11-24Last updated on 2022-11-24

Abstract

本周的前景似乎也不那么乐观,因为人们在想Genesis是否即将面临灾难。

不知道你是否注意到了,11月对加密行业来说并不那么友好!

本周的前景似乎也不那么乐观,因为人们在想Genesis是否即将面临灾难。

让我们来看看Barry Silbert的Digital Currency Group是怎么回事。

上周,Genesis冻结了其贷款业务的提款。

加密推特上开始传播Genesis即将发生灾难的谣言。

不仅是加密行业唯一一家提供全方位服务的大宗经纪公司Genesis的偿付能力受到质疑,比特币信托产品GBTC的支持也受到了类似的审查。此前,该产品的受托人灰度(Grayscale)表示,以“安全考虑”为由,不会分享其储备审计证明。

Genesis和灰度有什么共同之处?

这两家公司都是Digital Currency Group(DCG)的子公司。

据传,DCG在上周向Genesis注入1.4亿美元的新资本后,流动性已所剩无几。在Genesis的贷款部门失去了锁定在FTX账户上的1.75亿美元之后,这是必要的举措,而就在这一事件发生之后,Genesis的借贷平台冻结了提款。

所有这一切都让加密推特想知道:情况可能会变得多糟糕?

今天我们得到了答案:Genesis濒临破产……

Genesis目前没有申请破产的计划。看起来很乐观,但不幸的是,可能不是。

FTX的崩溃和随之而来的加密信贷紧缩造成了整个行业的信贷危机,导致了Genesis发生银行挤兑。目前的救助计划包括额外注入5亿美元,是该公司最初要求的10亿美元的一半,币安被认为是一个潜在的资金来源。

Genesis是什么?

Genesis履行与传统经纪商相同的许多职能,同时针对机构客户量身定制其产品。像Genesis这样的机构经纪商提供的服务包括借贷和场外交易服务。

在传统金融市场上,高盛(Goldman Sachs)等主要经纪商会与交易对手抵消头寸。假设高盛的一位客户想做多1亿美元的美国国债:如果高盛在没有对冲的情况下完成了这一订单,他们将做空1亿美元的美国国债。如果收益率开始下降,高盛将处于亏损状态,但如果收益率继续上升,高盛将从该头寸中获利。

高盛不会将自己暴露在标的证券的价格波动中,而是同时与摩根大通建立多头头寸,向其客户报出(要价)比从摩根大通收到的价格(出价)略高的价格。

这使得交易商在执行客户订单时,无需承担方向性风险,就能获得买卖价差。

作为加密货币场外交易和大宗经纪市场的先驱,Genesis无法像传统金融机构那样进入强大的交易商间市场。尽管缺乏类似的风险管理解决方案,但Genesis试图提供与其传统同行相同的服务。

Genesis的风险来源

我们知道Genesis不再满足提款请求。但这是为什么呢?

Genesis正面临流动性问题——可能还有偿付能力的问题。

流动性问题

就像银行主要靠活期存款作为资金来源一样,Genesis依赖短期资金来源,包括Circle的Yield项目和Gemini Earn。此外(很像银行),Genesis参与了资产的期限转换,这意味着他们用这些短期存款发放长期贷款。

贷出的资金期限较长,使Genesis能够获得资金成本和利息收入之间的差额,为潜在的盈利商业模式提供了基础。然而,这种策略带来的风险是,类似银行的实体没有足够的流动性来满足出乎意料的大量提款请求。

在经济不确定时期,贷款机构通常会尽可能收回未偿还信贷,并增加自己的现金/流动资产储备。像为Genesis提供资金的那些短期存款来源,允许用户按需提款,是贷款人寻找流动性的首选场所之一。

就在Genesis冻结提款之前,在FTX拥有资金的个人和机构(包括Genesis)突然失去了他们认为的流动资金。此外,FTX对用户资金的管理不当再次引发了人们对加密货币借贷行为的愤怒,并增加了业内人士对非足额抵押和链下借贷行为进行重新审视的呼声。

FTX内爆引发了市场对锁定在交易平台资金的流动性需求,并降低了加密生态系统参与者向中心化黑箱贷款的意愿,减少了Genesis的可用资金来源。

不幸的是,(很像一家银行的)Genesis向借款人发放了期限较长的贷款,并没有足够的按需流动性来满足FTX崩溃之后出现的异常多的提款请求。

偿付能力问题

Genesis可能有与存续期管理活动和头寸对冲相关的交易对手敞口。

存续期是衡量资产和负债价值对利率变化的敏感性的一个指标。较长的存续期意味着价格对利率波动更敏感,较高的利率对估值有负面影响,较低的利率对估值有正面影响。采用较短期的资金来源(存续期较短)和发放较长期贷款(存续期较长),会使金融实体面临期限错配的问题。

对Genesis来说,这意味着在利率发生一定变化的情况下,对Genesis资产的影响将大于对其负债的影响。

在管理存续期缺口之前,Genesis的偿付能力与利率变化呈负相关。鉴于加密信贷市场的冻结状态和紧缩货币政策推动的无风险利率上升,如果不进行对冲,没有对冲的Genesis将在其偿付能力方面陷入困境。

虽然Genesis可能对冲了利率上升的风险,但其存续期管理策略的关键对手方的资不抵债将使Genesis面临方向性风险,从而增加其自身的资不抵债风险。

还记得Luna Foundation Guard用UST购买的那些比特币吗?

Genesis从这一交换中获得了10亿美元的UST!虽然Genesis可能会试图对冲其对UST的敞口,但这一对冲的对手方的资不抵债将产生对UST的方向性敞口。

如今,这10亿美元UST的市值仅为2300万美元!

每一次加密对冲基金的暴雷都会增加Genesis对加密资产(包括未售出的UST)的方向性敞口的可能性。

对Genesis而言,对手方风险的威胁比流动性问题大得多。流动性问题意味着Genesis有足够的资产全额偿还所有用户,只是现在还没有,而对手方风险直接影响了Genesis的偿付能力。

由于对手方资不抵债而导致的风险管理策略失败,将对Genesis的偿付能力产生负面影响,并导致对其债权人的赔付减少!

可疑的联系

Genesis、3AC、GBTC和DCG。这4者有什么共同之处?

他们都参与了复杂的、相互交织的GBTC交易。

DCG子公司灰度是GBTC的受托人。作为对其服务的交换,灰度每年收取该信托管理下所有资产的2%作为管理费。2022年第三季度提交给美国SEC的监管声明显示,灰度年初至今从GBTC获得的费用收入超过3.02亿美元,而2021年同期为4.33亿美元。

DCG的另一家子公司Genesis是3AC的主要贷款人。根据DataFinnovation在7月份对公开的美SEC和投资者文件进行的分析,Genesis基本上是以其单一对手方限额向三箭资本提供贷款。

分析推测,作为对抵押品的交换,3AC从Genesis借入BTC,将BTC归还给Genesis以创建GBTC(Genesis是唯一可以创建GBTC份额的授权参与者),并将GBTC提供给Genesis以重新启动这个循环过程。

当GBTC的交易价格高于BTC时,3AC实质上是在免费赚钱,并利用利润增加对GBTC和其他加密资产的敞口。假设溢价保持不变,3AC理论上可以永远重复这个套利过程。

事实证明,这种交易对DCG来说也非常有利可图,因为它增加了灰度BTC信任的资产管理规模,并提高了费用收入。

不幸的是,随着GBTC销售压力的增加和对产品需求的减少,溢价变成了折价。加上Luna的死亡螺旋(之前在3AC投资组合中占有相当大的投资头寸),最终的结果是3AC破产。

Genesis不太可能完全收回对3AC的未偿还贷款,鉴于加密领域缺乏成熟的交易对手方,他们可能对3AC有不可忽略的交易对手风险。

已有的借贷关系和与3AC(或其他破产的加密基金)的潜在交易对手风险为Genesis带来了持续的流动性压力,并且仍然是资不抵债风险的来源。

灰度FUD?

DCG不仅要处理有关Genesis提款和偿债能力的问题,而且还被迫为GBTC的支持进行辩护。这100%是DCG自己造成的伤害,DCG拒绝公布持有灰度信托资产的钱包地址或其完整的储备审计证明。

在FTX事件和交易所伪造储备审计证明的担忧之后,灰度对提供其储备审计证明的犹豫绝对是一个糟糕的主意!

第三方链上验证GBTC持有量的尝试追踪到了该信托持有的约50%的BTC。

然而,Coinbase Custody为灰度辩护,证实GBTC和其他灰度产品仍然完全由Coinbase Custody控制的资产支持。

Nansen的Alex Svanevik的相关分析发现,灰度的ETH产品可能完全由Coinbase Custody持有的储备支持,进一步证实了GBTC有充分的支持。

鉴于此类行为具有欺诈性,并可能使Coinbase面临法律后果,因此Coinbase Custody不太可能虚报GBTC的持有情况。但在FTX崩盘和由此产生的丑闻指控之后,Coinbase在代表灰度BTC持有情况一事上进行欺诈也并非完全不可想象。

DCG危机?

尽管人们对Genesis的偿付能力和灰度的支持(以及DCG的总体财务健康状况)仍存在疑问,但这两家公司中的任何一家破产都将对加密行业造成灾难性的影响。

Genesis的业务范围比FTX大得多,并提供机构经纪服务,授权机构投资加密货币。

以灰度清算其信托基金为结局的场景,会导致BTC、ETH和其他灰度资产遭受数十亿美元的抛售压力,这一事件将大幅打击加密市场。然而,考虑到该产品产生的费用收入和集团的盈利能力,这一结果不太可能出现。

虽然目前尚不清楚Genesis事件将如何告终,但更广泛的加密行业近期的命运,再次取决于另一个黑箱CeFi实体的偿付能力。如果Genesis失败,将会带来巨大的后果,尤其是考虑到该公司是机构投资加密货币的纽带。

系好安全带,前路坎坷!

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