数藏开二级,如何避免非法经营风险?

肖飒lawyerPublished on 2022-10-19Last updated on 2022-10-19

Abstract

NFT(Non-Fungible Token),非同质化通证,是一项区块链技术创新应用,近年来市场交易十分火热。

NFT(Non-Fungible Token),非同质化通证,是一项区块链技术创新应用,近年来市场交易十分火热。在投资交易之余,有些读者跑来问飒姐团队,在元宇宙中卖NFT,如何防范非法经营风险?飒姐听到这些问题甚感欣慰,说明我们的读者已经很有法律风险意识。今天飒姐团队就来跟大家具体聊一聊。

一、何为“非法经营罪”?

首先还是从罪名入手,非法经营罪是破坏社会主义市场经济罪项下的罪名,其由来于1979年刑法规定的投机倒把罪。刑法修订后,将投机倒把罪中的规定行为类型进行了限缩,另设为非法经营罪。知道这段法条历史沿革对于我们理解该罪的核心有着重要意义,该法条所要保护的是国家专营专卖制度,以及相关行政法规所涵盖的买卖管理规定,其核心是对于某种特定的市场秩序的保障。

从法条本身来看,非法经营罪包含了四种类型。根据中华人民共和国刑法第二百二十五条,违反国家规定,有下列非法经营行为之一,扰乱市场秩序,情节严重的,处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役,并处或者单处违法所得一倍以上五倍以下罚金;情节特别严重的,处五年以上有期徒刑,并处违法所得一倍以上五倍以下罚金或者没收财产:(一)未经许可经营法律、行政法规规定的专营、专卖物品或者其他限制买卖的物品的;(二)买卖进出口许可证、进出口原产地证明以及其他法律、行政法规规定的经营许可证或者批准文件的;(三)未经国家有关主管部门批准非法经营证券、期货、保险业务的,或者非法从事资金支付结算业务的;(四)其他严重扰乱市场秩序的非法经营行为。

二、企业如何有效防范“非法经营罪”?

首先第一条,其核心是保护国家专营专卖制度,从司法解释来看,这里的专营专卖物品指的是食盐,烟草经营业务。除此之外,其他限制买卖的物品有危险废物,药品等,从定义来NFT都不属于这一款所提到的任何专营专卖限制买卖的范畴。同样的,明显也不属于第二款所提到的许可证类型。

核心争议点在于第三条,NFT二级市场是否属于第三条的证券期货资金结算相关业务。我们不妨先来看看NFT的定性是怎么样的。NFT作为一个新兴事物,法律并没有对其明确的规定。但是从2022年4月份三协会倡议,《中国互联网金融协会、中国银行业协会、中国证券业协会关于防范NFT相关金融风险的倡议》专门对NFT进行了论述。该倡议虽然并没有直接对NFT进行是什么的定性,但是却从其表述中却可以推出NFT不是什么。其中提到要“坚决遏制NFT金融化证券化倾向,从严防范非法金融活动风险”,“不在NFT底层商品中包含证券、保险、信贷、贵金属等金融资产,变相发行交易金融产品”。从逻辑上来说,防止NFT金融化证券化,不在NFT中包含证券,换句话来就是正常的NFT本身非金融化,不是证券。如果读者只是正常的在二级市场中通过普通货币将NFT作为作品进行交易,非法经营罪的风险较小。

但是,飒姐也在2021年答某日报提问中提到过,打击非法经营罪,保护的是市场经济秩序。由此可见,判断是否构成非法经营罪,重要前提是有没有违反相应的经济管理法规。一些以分割所有权或者批量创设等方式削弱NFT非同质化特征,变相开展代币发行融资(ICO)、造成客户重大损失、引起严重后果的行为,不能排除按照刑法第225条第4项“其他严重扰乱市场秩序的非法经营行为”报到最高法院,最终以“个案批复”的形式确定该行为构成犯罪的可能。

三、企业必须警惕的其他犯罪

除了非法经营外,在元宇宙中卖NFT,也应警惕不要掉入诈骗罪的漩涡。从《刑法》原文来看,诈骗罪规定的很简单——诈骗公私财物,数额较大的。这样一看许多读者可能认为诈骗罪离自己很远,殊不知,NFT一些二手交易市场中自买自卖炒高价格的“洗售交易”行为可能涉嫌刑事诈骗。

“洗售交易”原本是证券、期货交易领域的名词,指行为人通过自己实际控制的账户进行自买自卖的行为,行为人常通过自买自卖来制造股票、期货交易非常活跃的假象,从而误导投资者争相买入,以此拉高证券产品的价格。在NFT二级交易市场上也有相似的场景,NFT的价格往往取决于这个NFT的“受欢迎程度”,也即到底有多少潜在的买家,潜在买家越多,这个NFT的价格也就可以卖的越高。出售者为了表现出所卖NFT受欢迎的情景,会采用自买自卖的方式不断进行自我交易,以提高NFT的价格。这其实是一种对于NFT情况的事实虚构。

欺诈有两种典型的行为模式,其一即虚构事实、其二即隐瞒真相。以NFT为对象的洗售交易,卖家通过自买自卖来制造NFT市场活跃、NFT能够大幅度升值的假象,这属于典型的虚构事实。倘若通过洗售使得该NFT的价格严重背离其原本价格,那么这种虚构事实的行为就已经不是为法律所容许的、商品交易中存在的欺骗行为,而是民事欺诈。消费者可以主张相应的民事救济,救济方式包括但不限于主张《民法典》第一百四十八条所规定的撤销权。即一方以欺诈手段,使对方在违背真实意思的情况下实施的民事法律行为,受欺诈方有权请求人民法院或者仲裁机构予以撤销。

在民事欺诈的基础上,倘若卖方随时预备“卷款跑路”,致使买方在购买NFT后失去了民事救济的可能,那么此时卖方的洗售交易行为便是典型的刑事诈骗行为,涉嫌构成诈骗罪。

写在最后

除此之外,在元宇宙中卖NFT,还存在一些常见的法律风险,诸如赌博,非法集资等,在这里飒姐团队也要提醒各位读者,常在河边走,刑法拿在手。在经营具有金融属性的新兴科技企业的过程中,企业实控人必须时刻警惕刑事风险,防止出现难以承受的严重后果。

Trending Cryptos

Related Reads

Preferred Stock Is Not the Trigger for Corporate Bankruptcy, MicroStrategy's Dollar Reserves Can Cover Dividend and Interest Payments Until February 2027

Preferred Shares Are Not the Catalyst for Corporate Bankruptcy; MicroStrategy's Dollar Reserves Can Cover Dividend and Interest Payments Until February 2027. This article analyzes the nature of preferred shares used by MicroStrategy (MSTR). Legally equity but economically similar to debt, these shares, including its Bitcoin-linked STR convertible preferred notes (STRC), offer fixed or floating dividends. Crucially, MicroStrategy's preferred shares lack rigid redemption clauses, meaning they are not classified as traditional debt. This eliminates principal repayment pressure and means missed dividends do not constitute default or trigger bankruptcy, creating a "self-contradictory virtuous cycle." The article clarifies that if funds are short, MicroStrategy can defer or suspend preferred share dividends (except for non-cumulative types like STRD) without immediate risk. The real potential crisis point lies with its convertible bonds. If a prolonged bear market prevents conversion, MicroStrategy might need to sell Bitcoin to repay these bonds starting from the earliest maturity in September 2027, potentially creating a downward spiral. Preferred dividend suspensions would only exacerbate market panic in such a scenario. Recent financial activity shows MicroStrategy strengthened its position through four weeks of common stock (MSTR) issuances, raising over $851 million without issuing new preferred shares. It increased its dollar reserves to approximately $1.4 billion, which is sufficient to cover all preferred share dividends and interest until around March 2027. While Bitcoin purchases slowed recently, this prioritization of cash reserves enhances the company's near-term financial safety. The analysis concludes that if the Bitcoin bear market ends by early 2025 as anticipated, MicroStrategy can resume issuing MSTR stock in a rising market to replenish reserves and manage future dividend obligations, thereby reducing the long-term pressure from its preferred share structure.

marsbit46m ago

Preferred Stock Is Not the Trigger for Corporate Bankruptcy, MicroStrategy's Dollar Reserves Can Cover Dividend and Interest Payments Until February 2027

marsbit46m ago

Giants Wage the Context War, Reconstructing AI Moats

The article "Giants Launch the Context War, Reconstructing AI's Moat" discusses how leading AI companies—OpenAI, Anthropic, and Google—are shifting their competitive focus from model size to acquiring, managing, and utilizing user context (Context). Initially, Context referred to the length of text a model could process, leading to a "arms race" for longer context windows. However, the competition has evolved through three key phases: expanding text capacity (long context windows), enabling memory across sessions, and finally, integrating AI into real user environments like browsers and desktops to capture dynamic task states. Each company is pursuing a distinct strategy. OpenAI is building Context around the ChatGPT account, turning it into a central hub that accumulates user understanding across various integrated applications and tools. Anthropic, lacking a major user base, focuses on high-value verticals like coding, empowering its Claude model to actively gather Context through GUI interaction (Computer Use) and system connections (MCP protocol). Google, with vast existing user data from products like Search and Gmail, faces the challenge of restructuring this data into actionable, AI-understandable Context for its Gemini model within its ecosystem. The core argument is that the nature of competitive advantage in AI is changing. The internet era prized network effects—connecting more users. The AI era values "individual depth": the ability to build deep, task-specific understanding of a user. This creates a new moat through 1) the compounding value of accumulated Context, 2) deep integration with user tools and permissions, and 3) the establishment of trust for complex tasks. Therefore, the battle for Context is fundamentally about capturing "task entry points" and converting existing digital ecosystems into environments where AI can effectively understand and act, rather than merely scaling user numbers.

marsbit1h ago

Giants Wage the Context War, Reconstructing AI Moats

marsbit1h ago

Foundation Steps Back, Ethlabs Steps Forward: Ethereum Undergoes Its Largest Restructuring in History

On June 23rd, the Ethereum ecosystem witnessed two major shifts, signaling a significant governance realignment. First, former Ethereum Foundation researchers established Ethlabs, a new independent non-profit. Backed by major ETH holders like Bitmine and SharpLink, Ethlabs aims to address practical needs for institutional adoption, including faster settlement, native asset issuance, cross-chain transactions, and mainnet scaling. Secondly, the Ethereum Foundation announced a major restructuring, laying off 54 employees (20% of its staff) to become a leaner entity focused on protocol governance and maintenance rather than being the primary builder. This move represents a pivotal correction. Criticisms had mounted over the Foundation's perceived slowness, lack of clear strategy, and over-reliance on Vitalik Buterin's influence. Ethlabs emerges as a more execution-oriented, "industrialized" layer focused on market adoption—bridging the gap between research and real-world use. Notably, Vitalik Buterin is absent from its list of supporters, interpreted as an intentional step to avoid excessive personal endorsement and allow the organization to build independent credibility. The Ethereum Foundation's downsizing and redefinition mark a retreat from its former central coordinating role. It now aims to share the "privilege of stewarding Ethereum" with other emerging groups like Ethlabs, the Ethereum Applications Guild, and The Ethereum Economic Zone. Analysts frame this dual shift as the Foundation ensuring Ethereum remains "correct" (credibly neutral), while Ethlabs must prove it remains "effective" (competitive and attractive for capital and adoption). This addresses community "shareholder-like anxiety" about ETH's market performance. While risks exist—such as concerns over shifting from Foundation centrality to large-holder influence—the consensus is that the greater risk for Ethereum was inaction, caught between technical idealism and organizational inertia. These steps aim to create a more multi-stakeholder, execution-driven future for the network.

链捕手9h ago

Foundation Steps Back, Ethlabs Steps Forward: Ethereum Undergoes Its Largest Restructuring in History

链捕手9h ago

Second Half of U.S. Crypto Policy: The Clarity Act Aims for 60 Votes, CFTC's "One-Person Commission" Becomes Biggest Variable

In a pivotal year for US crypto policy, the "CLARITY Act" is advancing in the Senate but faces a high hurdle, needing 60 votes to pass. Key challenges include bridging partisan divides on ethics and swaying undecided Republican senators within a tight legislative calendar of only about 40 working days. The policy "second half" involves intense negotiations on a broader framework for Web3 and DeFi, including crypto tax reforms and the Blockchain Regulatory Certainty Act. A significant uncertainty is the understaffed CFTC, operating with four commissioner vacancies, which complicates regulatory clarity. Meanwhile, the departure of key "crypto champions"—SEC Commissioner Hester Peirce and Senator Cynthia Lummis—will impact ongoing policy efforts. Industry experts are cautiously optimistic but realistic. Sara K. Weed notes that while progress is being made, CLARITY is unlikely to pass this Congress, pushing agencies like the SEC and CFTC to provide more guidance. Sulolit Mukherjee suggests meaningful crypto tax legislation is more likely to be attached to larger must-pass bills. Rashan Colbert discusses the jurisdictional debate over prediction markets, emphasizing the need for a regulatory framework that fosters their development as financial tools rather than treating them broadly as gambling. The clock is ticking, but opportunities remain for substantive progress through continued bipartisan dialogue and pragmatic efforts.

marsbit11h ago

Second Half of U.S. Crypto Policy: The Clarity Act Aims for 60 Votes, CFTC's "One-Person Commission" Becomes Biggest Variable

marsbit11h ago

Trading

Spot
Futures

Hot Articles

What is $BITCOIN

DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN): A Comprehensive Analysis Introduction to DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) is a blockchain-based project operating on the Solana network, which aims to combine the characteristics of traditional precious metals with the innovation of decentralized technologies. While it shares a name with Bitcoin, often referred to as “digital gold” due to its perception as a store of value, DIGITAL GOLD is a separate token designed to create a unique ecosystem within the Web3 landscape. Its goal is to position itself as a viable alternative digital asset, although specifics regarding its applications and functionalities are still developing. What is DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN)? DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) is a cryptocurrency token explicitly designed for use on the Solana blockchain. In contrast to Bitcoin, which provides a widely recognized value storage role, this token appears to focus on broader applications and characteristics. Notable aspects include: Blockchain Infrastructure: The token is built on the Solana blockchain, known for its capacity to handle high-speed and low-cost transactions. Supply Dynamics: DIGITAL GOLD has a maximum supply capped at 100 quadrillion tokens (100P $BITCOIN), although details regarding its circulating supply are currently undisclosed. Utility: While precise functionalities are not explicitly outlined, there are indications that the token could be utilized for various applications, potentially involving decentralized applications (dApps) or asset tokenization strategies. Who is the Creator of DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN)? At present, the identity of the creators and development team behind DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) remains unknown. This situation is typical among many innovative projects within the blockchain space, particularly those aligning with decentralized finance and meme coin phenomena. While such anonymity may foster a community-driven culture, it intensifies concerns about governance and accountability. Who are the Investors of DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN)? The available information indicates that DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) does not have any known institutional backers or prominent venture capital investments. The project seems to operate on a peer-to-peer model focused on community support and adoption rather than traditional funding routes. Its activity and liquidity are primarily situated on decentralized exchanges (DEXs), such as PumpSwap, rather than established centralized trading platforms, further highlighting its grassroots approach. How DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) Works The operational mechanics of DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) can be elaborated on based on its blockchain design and network attributes: Consensus Mechanism: By leveraging Solana’s unique proof-of-history (PoH) combined with a proof-of-stake (PoS) model, the project ensures efficient transaction validation contributing to the network's high performance. Tokenomics: While specific deflationary mechanisms have not been extensively detailed, the vast maximum token supply implies that it may cater to microtransactions or niche use cases that are still to be defined. Interoperability: There exists the potential for integration with Solana’s broader ecosystem, including various decentralized finance (DeFi) platforms. However, the details regarding specific integrations remain unspecified. Timeline of Key Events Here is a timeline that highlights significant milestones concerning DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN): 2023: The initial deployment of the token occurs on the Solana blockchain, marked by its contract address. 2024: DIGITAL GOLD gains visibility as it becomes available for trading on decentralized exchanges like PumpSwap, allowing users to trade it against SOL. 2025: The project witnesses sporadic trading activity and potential interest in community-led engagements, although no noteworthy partnerships or technical advancements have been documented as of yet. Critical Analysis Strengths Scalability: The underlying Solana infrastructure supports high transaction volumes, which could enhance the utility of $BITCOIN in various transaction scenarios. Accessibility: The potential low trading price per token could attract retail investors, facilitating wider participation due to fractional ownership opportunities. Risks Lack of Transparency: The absence of publicly known backers, developers, or an audit process may yield skepticism regarding the project's sustainability and trustworthiness. Market Volatility: The trading activity is heavily reliant on speculative behavior, which can result in significant price volatility and uncertainty for investors. Conclusion DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) emerges as an intriguing yet ambiguous project within the rapidly evolving Solana ecosystem. While it attempts to leverage the “digital gold” narrative, its departure from Bitcoin's established role as a store of value underscores the need for a clearer differentiation of its intended utility and governance structure. Future acceptance and adoption will likely depend on addressing the current opacity and defining its operational and economic strategies more explicitly. Note: This report encompasses synthesised information available as of October 2023, and developments may have transpired beyond the research period.

436 Total ViewsPublished 2025.05.13Updated 2025.05.13

What is $BITCOIN

Discussions

Welcome to the HTX Community. Here, you can stay informed about the latest platform developments and gain access to professional market insights. Users' opinions on the price of BTC (BTC) are presented below.

活动图片