AI作画大火成就人均艺术家?

巴比特Published on 2022-10-19Last updated on 2022-10-19

Abstract

自从“阿尔法狗”打败职业围棋选手柯洁之后,关于AI何时能够替代人类工作的猜想就从未停止过。

自从“阿尔法狗”打败职业围棋选手柯洁之后,关于AI何时能够替代人类工作的猜想就从未停止过。

虽然从智能语音交互、自动驾驶到人形机器人,AI在能力和外观上逐渐与真人越来越像。但有人坚持认为,诸如绘画等需要艺术创造力的工作很难被AI掌握。

如今随着AI作画的不断进化,越来越多的人感受到了来自人工智能的威胁,并且以不同的方式挖掘出AI作画的商业价值。

AI的“名分”

不久前,在美国科罗拉多州博览会上,一幅名为《Theatre Dopera Spatial(空间歌剧院)》的画作因为其复古的笔触细腻的色彩,赢得了艺术创作比赛的第一名。随后“作者”在社交媒体自曝,该幅作品只是用人工智能Midjourney生成的AI画作,这引发了一众专业画手群嘲。

颇为有趣的是,画手们并未对画作的笔法、构图、色彩等体现绘画技艺的部分进行分析和批评,引发讨论的关键是使用AI作画的创作者,是否配得上“作者”的身份来参赛。还有画手担心“自己向别人提到数字绘画的时候,会被认为只是按下了一个网页按钮或是在文本框里敲下一段提示词。”

事实上,最初的AI作画想要获得一幅令人满意的画作并不简单。AI作画的早期形态,需要创作者使用线条来勾勒出画作的基本轮廓,AI再根据自己对线条轮廓的理解生成抽象图形。

某种程度上,这一阶段的AI作画更像是一种能够自动识别绘画内容进而匹配素材生成画面的笔刷工具。并且由于AI本身不具备和人一样的“审美”能力,因此早期的AI画作即便是在抽象艺术的范畴里,也很难让人称之为艺术。

至于目前广泛使用的AI作画平台,其作画的过程,实际上就是向AI提供一连串的“提示词”,再由AI生成图像。而为了获得满意的作品,创作者们通常需要根据生成的内容反复进行“提示词”的调整以修正结果。也正是因为这种“作画”方式,让亲自动手创作的画师们拒绝承认AI画作创作者的“作者”身份。

在大众认知中,人们评价绘画艺术时,常常会集中讨论画作的风格、创意或者是作者想要通过图像来表达的思想,而鲜少关注作画的基本功。但这并不代表,画师们苦练数十年习得的技法和经验没有价值。历来在艺术领域获得极高成就的绘画大师和艺术家们,都拥有极其深厚的基本功。而且在绘画技巧之外,很多画家还会对不同材质的画布和颜料所体现出的肌理和色彩差异了然于心。

时下的数字绘画已经成为一种新的艺术形式,但画师们仍然需要扎实的基本功和对长期积累的对绘画艺术的独特理解来创作作品。而直接采用AI作画的创作方式,直接跳过了经验积累的环节,对绘画的基本功却不做任何要求,这也让画师们“十几年的功力”变得毫无价值。

有画师一语道破问题的关键,认为AI画作创作者在名义上并不能称为“作者”,是因为输入“提示词”的过程,本质上和委托另外一名画师来完成作品的方式并没有区别。即便是AI作画过程中反复修改“提示词”也需要耗费相当多的时间成本,但这并不会成为给作品提出更高评价的理由。

艺术性被质疑,但商业价值已凸显

虽然艺术家们至今仍对AI画作获奖的事件以及创作者们的身份反复提出质疑,但AI画作的商业价值已经有所显现。在海外社交媒体平台,不少网友分享了自己使用AI画作制作的“周边”产品,包括合成背景的亲人照片、带有达芬奇手稿风格的笔记本以及塔罗牌。

鉴于AI作画逐渐受到网友们的关注,以及AI作画需要提供有效的“提示词”以获得满意图像的生成机制,目前也出现了一批专门提供“提示词”的公司。

针对国外常见的Midjourney、DALL·E 2、GPT-3和Stable Diffusion等AI作画应用,一家名为PromptBase的公司提供了“提示词”交易的平台。用户不但可以上传“提示词”作为交易的对象,也可以花费1.99美元购买一个“提示词”。而PromptBase从每笔交易中收取两成的服务费。根据PromptBase创始人Ben Stokes社交媒体账户公布的数据显示,截至2022年9月25日,PromptBase已经拥有2500名用户。

此外,艺术收藏行业也开始挖掘AI画作的价值。剑桥大学旗下的Art AI项目,以历史中的上百万幅艺术收藏品为基础,接入机器学习生成AI艺术藏品。该项目还包括一套查重算法,用来剔除生成的AI画作中与历史藏品高度雷同的作品,确保了最终得到的每一幅作品都具有独一性。

与艺术藏品有异曲同工之妙的NFT,也早早地将AI画作引入其生态。Art AI开发的Eponym算法,能够直接生成抽象艺术画作铸成NFT,其在知名数字藏品社区Opensea上,已经吸引了数千名粉丝。

在国内,AI画作虽然还未真正成为一种流行,但已经产生了本土化的变现方式。惊蛰研究所观察到,目前在短视频平台上,有一批专门教授如何使用AI绘画工具生成壁纸,再上传到壁纸小程序变现的账号。

这些账号通常会在短视频或直播中提到,之前的学员通过AI绘画壁纸已经获得了不菲的收入,以此吸引围观用户进群购买课程,但实际上的收入或许与买课用户的期待有着明显的差距。根据创业邦的报道,有用户反馈自己做得最好的账号一个月也只赚了3600多元,与授课宣传中提到的一两万收入相去甚远。

当然,AI画作也并未被当作一种非主流艺术。知名媒体《大西洋月刊》的八月刊以及《时尚芭莎》的十月刊,先后采用了AI画作为文章配图。作为图片消耗大户的媒体平台,能够接受AI画作成为其素材,或许也意味着未来会有更多AI画作能够通过成熟商业渠道完成变现。

谁会被AI取代?

其实,现阶段的AI作画充其量只是一种图像处理的技术手段,对于真正想要通过作品来表达思想或理念的艺术家们来说,AI作画不过是效率工具,取代不了所有的创作过程。

简单来说,以图像为最终呈现形式的艺术创作,本身也包括学习和创作两个部分。艺术家需要通过艺术理论和技法的学习,积累经验和技艺,形成对审美的独特见解,然后再通过创作进行艺术表达。AI作画则是直接通过分析艺术家们的成果,从中总结出优秀艺术作品的特质,再经由人们给出的“提示词”进行有机组合。

举一个简单的例子,人类艺术家在自我学习中掌握了从0到9共计10个数字,再通过10个数字的排列组合进行艺术表达。而AI作画,则是从艺术家所创作出的排列组合中,拆解出从0到9的10个数字,再根据“提示词”给出的要求,重新排列组合生成作品。

二者相比,人类艺术家在积累学习的过程中,逐渐形成了自己的独特理解和艺术表达风格。但在创作过程中,因为个人生产力有限,所以存在低效的问题。而AI作画,因为无法形成自己的理解和风格,需要借助“提示词”补足创作灵感和方向上的欠缺。不过,基于AI超越凡人的计算能力,AI作画在创作效率上要远远领先于人类。

有业内人士提出,如果艺术家采用AI作画,恐怕就能同时解决艺术风格和创作效率的问题。但是就目前而言,这并非是一个好方法。原因在于,绝大多数的AI作画应用都采用了“提示词”作为生成作品的关键要素,而艺术表达有时是难以用文字来概括的。“成为艺术家之前先成为文学家”,这样的要求未免拉高了艺术创作门槛。

“所以,AI作画目前也只适用于制作有明确风格、场景或者元素的图像内容,比如各种平面和网络媒体,以及广告图片素材的制作。”就职于某大型动画制作公司的原画师杨柳告诉惊蛰研究所,目前已经有相关设计公司在日常工作中使用AI作画,但并非直接采用AI的作品,而是提供创意思路和风格参考。

“人类无法想象出从未见过东西,AI作画也是如此,但是AI可以积累远远多于人类的素材,所以用来提供创意方向和风格选择会有不错的效果。”杨柳还表示,AI作画在抽象风格内容的表现,也能满足许多对题材要求和内容关联度不高的基础需求。“比如我现在需要一个星空主题的背景素材,AI就可以同时给出很多个选项,而且还是独一无二的,我可以在这个背景素材的基础上再进行创作。”

杨柳表示,虽然目前一些AI作品也很惊艳,也根本分不出是AI还是真人创作的。但以艺术层面来看,这只是机械的行为。“艺术为人类服务,但也是人的精神表达,如果只是归纳总结再排列组合,就会缺少灵魂。相反,如果只是对审美和创作效率有要求,那么AI作画就会成为一种高效的商业工具。这样看来,提供图片素材的版权网站或许会受到很大的影响。”

面对人工智能的到来,一部分原本需要人力来完成的工作被AI替代已经是正在发生的事实,但也不必过于担心会被AI抢了饭碗。说到底,任何科技的进步都是以提高社会生产力为目标做出的努力,AI的诞生只会让人类免于被重复性、低价值的工作剥夺时间。

正如人类可以创造出替代人类工作的人工智能,却唯独无法将这份创造力赋予AI。技术的发展从来都不是以战胜人类为目的,相反AI的诞生只会让人类拥有更高的工作效率,来享受更幸福生活。

打败柯洁的阿尔法狗固然令人畏惧,但是如果围棋只剩下精准的智能计算也将毫无乐趣。

*为保护受访者隐私,以上均为化名

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