通过掷骰子离线保管比特币密钥:并非人人愿意为之

cryptonews.ruPublished on 2026-08-01Last updated on 2026-08-01

Abstract

文章探讨了通过投掷骰子生成比特币钱包种子短语的安全方法及其现实挑战。核心观点如下: **1. 骰子提供物理熵源** 骰子结果由众多微小变量决定,理论上虽可预测,但实践中无法被攻击者复制或计算,从而提供高质量的随机性。每个六面骰子投掷约产生2.585比特熵,50次投掷即可满足典型12词助记词(128比特熵)的安全需求。 **2. Coldcard漏洞事件凸显手工熵源的价值** 近期Coldcard硬件钱包因固件漏洞导致其内部随机数生成器存在缺陷,致使约1128枚比特币被盗。但那些**完全**通过足量骰子投掷生成种子短语的用户未受此漏洞影响,因为他们的主密钥未使用有缺陷的生成器。 **3. 重要警示:手工种子并非万能保护** 安全研究员指出,即使用户使用骰子生成了安全的种子,若他们使用了Coldcard的其他功能(如生成纸钱包、克隆密钥、共享签名密钥、密码等),这些**衍生密钥**仍可能调用有漏洞的随机数生成器,从而存在风险。安全种子不保证设备生成的所有秘密都安全。 **4. 手工生成熵源的现实局限性** 尽管数学上可靠,但该方法对大多数用户并不友好: * **过程繁琐易错**:需投掷50-99次,精确记录,任何输入错误都会导致钱包完全不同。 * **引入新风险**:用户可能在记录、转换过程中泄露信息,或使用有偏的骰子/投掷方式。 * **用户体验差**:难以想象大规模推广需要用户手动投掷近百次骰子。安全措施需适应现实生活场景和普通用户的知识水平。 **5. 给用户的建议** 受影响的Coldcard用户应: * 更新固件至最新版。 * 检查是否使用过有漏洞的功能生成了次级密钥或密码,如有则需立即更换。 * 考虑采用多签方案,使用不同厂商的设备分散风险。 **结论**:手工投掷骰子生成熵源是技术娴熟用户的一个有效安全选项,但其过程复杂、容易出错,不适合作为主流用户的默认方法。长远目标是依赖安全、透明且无需专业知识的硬件/软件随机数生成方案。

克劳德·香农,奠定了信息论基础的数学家,曾用熵来衡量结果的不确定性程度。对于一个公平的六面骰子,每一面出现的概率相等——都是六分之一。这使得每次投掷产生大约2.585比特的熵。抛硬币产生1比特,投掷八面骰则产生3比特。

最近围绕Coldcard的丑闻导致社交媒体上开始热议基于掷骰子的种子生成方法。一些用户现在认为这是必要的,另一些人则声称这保护了他们的资金,而经验丰富的从业者指出,大多数新手无法忍受缓慢且容易出错的手动设置过程。

重要的不是被投掷的骰子在原子层面表现出随机行为。事实并非如此。结果由物理定律决定,但同时变化的微小变量太多,任何人都无法可靠地计算出最终结果。骰子以特定的速度、角度、高度和旋转离开手,然后撞击桌面并在每次反弹时改变方向。

实际上,即使是投掷方式中微小的改变也可能导致完全不同的结果。手指位置稍有不同或力量略大,都会使轨迹发生足够大的变化,以至于观察运动过程也无法预测最终的数字。理论上结果可能是确定的,但对于生成钱包来说,重要的是攻击者无法复制或计算它。

将掷骰结果转化为可用数据

计算机无法直接使用一系列掷骰结果。首先必须将投掷结果转换成二进制数据,而转换方法至关重要。

简单的“奇偶”方法易于理解,但浪费了大部分可用的熵。每次投掷被简化为1比特,尽管骰子生成了约2.6比特的信息。更高效的方法是收集一长串投掷结果并处理整个序列,通常使用加密哈希函数。这样可以保留更多的随机性。

同样的原则也是Diceware——一种久经考验的创建安全密码短语的方法——以及手动创建比特币钱包的基础。一个典型的12词钱包恢复助记词包含128比特的熵。按每次投掷约2.6比特计算,大约50次公平的投掷就能提供足够的原始信息来超过这个门槛。

硬件钱包Coldcard的制造商Coinkite公司建议,追求接近256比特熵的用户应进行99次或更多次的投掷。这并不会使钱包的使用难度加倍,但能为生成的秘密提供更大的数学安全余量。

对掷骰生成的种子进行实际检验

在Coinkite披露了一个可以追溯到2021年的固件问题后,这种区别变得尤为重要。在某些Coldcard设备上,软件可能会绕过内部硬件随机数生成器,转而使用与设备非机密信息相关的、更脆弱的流程。

由于可以恢复该算法的部分内容,攻击者可以缩小可能的钱包密钥范围,而不是搜索整个密钥空间。据估计,该漏洞导致了约1,128.6633 BTC(截至美国东部时间13:00)从大约100个地址被盗。

图片来源:X

完全基于足够多次独立掷骰创建的钱包种子,并未通过同一渠道面临风险。这些用户提供了自己的熵,因此有故障的硬件生成器并未参与创建钱包的核心秘密。

然而,这种保护仅适用于通过掷骰生成的种子短语。它并不能自动保护设备生成的所有其他秘密数据。

Wizard Sardine分析细则

8月1日,安全研究员凯文·洛埃克在Wizard Sardine网站上发布了对Coldcard漏洞的评估。他最重要的评论涉及Coldcard中独立于钱包主种子生成自身秘密密钥的功能。

“我认为极其重要的是要强调,即使是通过导入或掷骰生成种子的用户,如果他们使用了以下功能,也仍然易受攻击,”洛埃克在X上写道,随后展示了一个易受攻击系统的示意图。

该示意图显示了有漏洞的随机数生成器如何为Coldcard的几个次要功能提供支持。这些功能包括创建纸钱包、克隆设备、加密USB会话、Secret Teleport转账功能、创建共签密钥、内置密码生成器以及硬件安全模块的认证代码生成。

图片来源:安全研究员凯文·洛埃克在X上的帖子。

通过99次掷骰创建的主钱包被保留在系统的独立部分。问题在于,其他工具仍然可能向有故障的生成器请求新的随机数据。因此,安全的种子并不能保证在同一设备上生成的每个密码、备份、认证代码或次要密钥都同样安全。

为何大多数新用户不会选择掷骰子

通过掷骰生成的熵在技术上若正确执行是可靠的,但对于大多数新用户来说,这并非一个现实的默认选项。投掷骰子50或99次,准确输入每次结果,并确保没有一次投掷被遗漏或重复,需要耐心和高度的专注力。一个输错的数字可能完全改变最终的地址,而大多数设备无法确定错误是由于投掷失误、输入错误还是对指令理解有误造成的。

图片来源:X

这个过程也存在正常工作的硬件生成器所没有的风险。用户可能在纸上记录投掷结果、拍照、输入在线工具,或将列表留在可能被他人发现的地方。有些人可能以重复或受控的方式投掷骰子,使用做过手脚或有损坏的骰子,或者因为觉得过程过于繁琐而过早停止。数学基础可能很可靠,但结果的安全性完全取决于用户执行程序的仔细程度。

图片来源:X

这就是为什么即使在比特币资深用户中,掷骰子也并不总是被认为是许多人的最佳方法。它用对手动过程的信任取代了对设备的信任。对于了解熵的本质、验证方法并对投掷序列保密的、具有技术警惕性的用户来说,这种交换可能有意义。对于首次设置钱包的普通购买者来说,这创造了几种可能造成不可逆错误的机会,同时也是一个乏味的过程。

图片来源:X

此外,如果为了获得和保障资金,人们必须坐在桌旁记录99次掷骰的结果,那么比特币的大规模普及将是难以想象的。安全措施必须经受住真实家庭环境、繁忙日程、注意力分散以及不愿学习密码学的用户的考验。手动生成熵应该作为高级用户的一个可用选项,但长期目标是创建能够正确生成强随机性、清晰地解释过程、并且尽可能少需要专业知识就能操作的硬件和软件。

Coldcard持有者应检查什么

拥有易受攻击的Coldcard设备的用户首先应检查设备上安装的固件版本。然后,他们应分析在使用过时固件时使用了哪些功能,而不是仅仅关注主钱包种子是如何生成的。

任何使用易受攻击设备生成纸钱包、克隆密钥、密码、共签密钥或认证代码的人,都可能需要立即更换这些资料。安装更新可以防止新生成的秘密数据出现同样的问题,但不会修复之前已经生成的内容。

此次事件也加强了使用多厂商设备钱包的实践合理性。在多签方案中,可能需要来自不同制造商的独立硬件设备来批准交易。这种结构并不能排除固件出现错误,但可以防止单个有缺陷的随机数生成器独自危及整个钱包。

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Related Questions

Q文章提到使用骰子生成比特币钱包种子短语的主要优势是什么?

A主要优势在于它能够提供独立于硬件设备、由用户自己创造的高质量随机性(熵),从而规避了硬件钱包内部随机数生成器可能存在的漏洞。在近期Coldcard事件中,依赖骰子生成种子的钱包未受其故障硬件随机数生成器的影响。

Q根据文章,为什么对于大多数新用户来说,使用骰子生成种子并不是一个理想的默认选项?

A因为该过程耗时、容易出错且需要高度专注。用户需要投掷并准确记录大量骰子结果,任何输入错误或过程中的疏忽都可能导致不可逆的后果。对于普通用户,这不仅枯燥,还引入了新的操作风险,远不如一个功能完好的硬件随机数生成器方便可靠。

Q文章指出的Coldcard漏洞的关键局限性是什么?即使使用骰子生成主钱包种子,用户依然可能面临什么风险?

A漏洞的关键局限性在于,有缺陷的硬件随机数生成器不仅用于生成主钱包种子,还为许多其他独立功能(如创建纸钱包、克隆密钥、生成密码等)提供随机数。因此,即使用户用骰子生成了安全的主种子,如果他们在有漏洞的设备上使用过这些次级功能,那么由这些功能创建的具体密钥或密码依然可能是不安全的。

Q文章引用安全研究员Kevin Loaec的观点,指出用户在使用Coldcard的哪些功能时仍需保持警惕?

A需要警惕的功能包括:创建纸钱包、克隆设备、加密USB会话、使用Secret Teleport功能、创建多方签名密钥、使用内置密码生成器以及生成硬件安全模块的认证代码。这些功能即使在使用骰子生成主种子的情况下,仍可能调用有漏洞的随机数生成器。

Q除了更新固件,文章还建议用户采取什么措施来增强钱包的安全性,尤其是针对此类单一厂商的漏洞?

A文章建议考虑采用多签钱包方案,并使用来自不同制造商的硬件设备来共同签署交易。这种架构虽然不能完全杜绝固件漏洞,但可以防止因单一设备的一个有缺陷的随机数生成器而危及整个钱包的安全。

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1.4k Total ViewsPublished 2025.05.13Updated 2025.05.13

What is $BITCOIN

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