比特币暴跌背后:美联储鹰派 + 监管扯皮 + 机构出逃 + 持有者跑路,五大杀招下还有生路吗?

华尔街日报Published on 2025-11-28Last updated on 2025-11-28

比特币在本轮暴跌中从10月初约12.5万美元的峰值跌至约8万美元,跌幅接近35%。过去一个月,整个加密市场总市值蒸发了惊人的一万亿美元,跌幅达24%。

11月28日,据追风交易台消息,德意志银行在最新研报中称,此次下跌反映了宏观和微观层面的复合压力:风险资产普跌、美联储鹰派转向、监管进展停滞、机构资金外流以及长期持有者获利了结。

比特币目前回升至约9万美元上方,相当于2025年5月的价格。然而,其波动性已从8月份的低点20%飙升至39%,与纳斯达克和标普500指数的相关性也升至46%和42%,重新表现出高风险资产特征而非避险工具。德银分析师指出,这种"小叮当效应"(Tinkerbell effect)表明比特币估值仍很大程度上依赖于信念驱动的采用。

而接下来比特币能否企稳回升仍充满不确定性。德银称,与以往不同,此次下跌发生在机构深度参与、宏观经济紧密联动和关键政策悬而未决的复杂背景下,复苏依赖监管明朗、稳定币采用及央行支持,前景充满不确定性。

市场情绪逆转——避险光环褪色,与科技股同生共死

比特币作为避险资产的故事在本轮下跌中被彻底证伪。

报告指出,比特币的抛售与美国股市及其他风险资产的下跌同步发生。在贸易紧张局势升温、美国政府停摆以及对人工智能板块估值担忧的背景下,比特币并未展现出独立行情,反而与高增长的科技股一同暴跌。

数据显示,这种相关性正在急剧增强。2025年至今,比特币与纳斯达克100指数的日均相关性已高达46%,与标普500指数的相关性也攀升至42%。

相比之下,黄金和美国国债等传统避险资产在近几个月表现远胜于比特币。例如,在10月10日,因特朗普政府威胁对中国商品征收100%关税,比特币当日暴跌5.6%,而黄金价格则上涨了1.03%。

德银在研报中称,这明确表明,在宏观不确定性加剧时,市场倾向于抛售比特币,而不是买入它来避险。

美联储鹰派“魔咒”——加息预期重压,流动性盛宴终结

美联储的货币政策是悬在比特币头顶的达摩克利斯之剑。

报告强调,比特币价格与美联储利率之间存在强烈的负相关性。历史数据显示,2022年美联储的加息周期曾导致比特币价格与利率的相关性达到惊人的-90%。

尽管美联储在10月的FOMC会议上降息25个基点,但美联储主席鲍威尔的鹰派言论——“12月再次降息远非定局”——直接引发了市场的恐慌。

鲍威尔言论一出,比特币价格在10月29日应声下跌1.22%。随后在11月4日,美联储理事库克再次表态称12月降息并非板上钉钉,导致比特币价格当日暴跌超过6%。

德银表示,2025年迄今,比特币回报率与美联储利率的相关性为-13%。只要对未来货币政策宽松的预期受到打压,比特币就将持续承压。

监管真空期再现——立法进程停滞,市场信心受挫

监管的靴子迟迟未能落地,正在扼杀市场信心。

报告指出,今年7月,美国众议院通过的《数字资产市场清晰法案》(CLARITY Act)曾被视为重大利好,推动了加密市场的一波反弹。然而,这份旨在明确监管框架的法案如今在参议院银行委员会陷入僵局。

共和党参议员蒂姆·斯科特(Tim Scott)指出,由于政府停摆和两党在去中心化金融(DeFi)身份验证及反洗钱(AML)控制措施上的分歧,该法案预计在2026年之前不会被签署。

德银认为,监管动力的丧失直接阻碍了机构投资者的进入和市场流动性的深化。

报告数据显示,比特币的波动率已从8月份20%的低点回升至39%。同时,美国散户的加密货币使用率也从7月的17%下降至10月的15%,显示出市场参与度的降温。

机构出逃与流动性枯竭——ETF资金逆转,市场深度骤降

曾推动比特币牛市的机构资金,如今正在反向出逃。报告揭示了一个危险的负反馈循环:价格下跌导致流动性枯竭,而流动性枯竭又放大了价格的跌幅。

根据Kaiko Research的数据,在10月10日的抛售中,主要加密货币交易所的订单簿深度急剧下降,卖方流动性甚至一度消失。

这种流动性缺失的状况自10月崩盘以来并未得到根本改善。更糟糕的是,此前通过现货比特币ETF流入市场的数十亿美元资金正在逆转。

数据显示,美国现货比特币ETF近期出现了大规模的日度净流出,这与今年早些时候的巨额流入形成鲜明对比。

德银表示,机构资金的撤离,叠加本已脆弱的流动性,使得比特币在面对宏观逆风时不堪一击。

“老韭菜”也跑路——长期持有者罕见抛售,市场情绪跌至冰点

与以往由新入场或高杠杆交易者驱动的崩盘不同,本轮下跌中,连最坚定的长期持有者也加入了抛售行列。

区块链数据显示,在过去一个月里,长期持有者共计卖出了超过80万枚比特币,这是自2024年1月以来的最高水平。

这些通常被视为市场“压舱石”的投资者开始获利了结或止损离场,极大地增加了市场的流通供应,并严重打击了市场信心。

衡量市场情绪的“加密恐惧与贪婪指数”(Crypto Fear and Greed Index)在11月21日跌至11,创下今年以来的最低水平,标志着市场已进入极度恐惧状态。

该行表示,当连“老韭菜”都开始跑路时,市场的短期看跌势头被进一步强化。

生路何在?

比特币在承受了这五大杀招后,能否企稳回升仍充满不确定性。

德银认为,与以往不同,此次下跌发生在机构深度参与、宏观经济紧密联动和关键政策悬而未决的复杂背景下。

该行指出,展望未来,比特币的“生路”并非坦途。其复苏将依赖于几个关键因素:

  • 首先是监管的最终明朗化,特别是《CLARITY法案》的进展,这将是恢复机构信心的关键。
  • 其次,主流机构对稳定币的采用可能有助于改善整个市场的流动性。
  • 最后,包括卢森堡和捷克共和国在内的政府和央行对加密资产日益增长的兴趣,也可能为市场带来新的长期支撑。
风险提示及免责条款
市场有风险,投资需谨慎。本文不构成个人投资建议,也未考虑到个别用户特殊的投资目标、财务状况或需要。用户应考虑本文中的任何意见、观点或结论是否符合其特定状况。据此投资,责任自负。

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