美联储传声筒:美联储内部分歧白热化,12月降息生变

比推Published on 2025-11-19Last updated on 2025-11-19

以下内容来自《华尔街日报》著名记者、素有“美联储传声筒”之称的Nick Timiraos原标题:Fed’s October Rate Decision Fueled Pushback Over Possible December Cut

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根据当地时间周三下午发布的美联储10月会议纪要,政策制定者们就是否应在下个月降息的分歧日益加深,使得越来越多——甚至可能形成微弱多数——的官员对12月降息持保留态度。

这份按惯例推迟三周公布的会议纪要显示:“与会者就12月会议上最适合采取何种政策决定,表达了截然不同的观点。”

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上月美联储以10比2的投票结果决定降息25个基点,将利率区间下调至3.75%-4%。但纪要披露,数位官员——很可能是在利率决策会议上参与讨论但无投票权的地方联储主席——反对此次降息决定。此外,其他支持降息的官员中也有部分表示,他们原本也可以接受维持利率不变。

这份纪要展现出近年来罕见的分歧局面:委员会在下一步行动上陷入严重分裂。会议纪要指出,“许多”官员认为12月降息缺乏充分理由——这部分官员的数量超过了认为降息“很可能合适”的“数位”官员。

不过纪要同时表明,在12月会议之后,大多数官员认为进一步降息仍是必要的。

美联储利率决策委员会由7名总统任命的理事和12位地方联储主席中轮换产生的5名投票委员组成,所有成员均参与会议讨论。

会议纪要所揭示的分歧——未区分有投票权与无投票权参与者,其实在纪要公布前就已初现端倪。

当政策制定者于9月份决定降息25个基点时,19位官员中有10位(微弱多数)在预测中纳入了10月和12月继续降息的安排。但这也意味着相当数量的少数派以劳动力市场改善或通胀压力扩大为由,反对进一步降息,其中部分人甚至支持10月份的第二次降息。

近期结束的政府停摆加剧了这一分歧,导致本应有助于弥合短期利率决策争议的就业与通胀报告被迫延期。里士满联储主席巴尔金在周二受访时坦言:“缺乏令人信服的数据,很难让持不同立场者达成共识。”由于“尚未出现能促成共识的新情况”,“可能需要通过辩论来解决,或许这就是我们将要采取的方式”。

曾经将12月9-10日会议降息视为定局的投资者,近日也开始认为此事胜负难料。在劳工部周三宣布原定11月7日发布的10月就业数据将推迟至美联储会议后公布后,市场隐含的降息概率已骤降至约33%。

投资者似乎认为,若缺乏能揭示经济疲软迹象的新就业数据,官员们支持12月降息的意愿将会降低。

上月有两位美联储官员基于相反理由对降息投下反对票:理事米兰主张更大幅度的50个基点降息,而堪萨斯城联储主席施密德则认为降息理由不充分。

会议纪要强调,无论美联储在12月作何决定,都可能面临至少三张反对票——由特朗普总统任命的三位理事可能反对维持利率不变,而至少三位地方联储主席可能反对降息。

美联储主席鲍威尔正面临几乎不可能完成的任务:弥合分歧,凝聚共识。Evercore ISI分析师Krishna Guha指出:“除非幸运降临,数据奇迹般地指明方向,否则他只能两害相权取其轻。”

尽管有批评称美联储追求共识的文化助长了“群体思维”,但理事沃勒周一明确表示下月情况将截然不同:“做好准备,诸位可能见证联邦公开市场委员会(FOMC)长期以来最少见的‘非群体思维’现象。”

在上月会议后的新闻发布会上,鲍威尔曾主动提及12月降息并非板上钉钉。他以非同寻常的直率口吻强调:“远非如此”,并表示“现在越来越多委员认为,我们至少应该暂缓行动,等待下次会议再议”。

劳动力市场状况正是这些分歧的核心焦点。当前企业既未大规模招聘,也未进行广泛裁员。

部分政策制定者担忧经济需求疲软将导致企业缩减用工规模。沃勒周一指出,更多企业“开始讨论裁员事宜”。这派官员对通胀的忧虑相对较轻,认为经济下行将限制企业的提价空间。他们担心若过度强调持续通胀风险,可能使经济在不知不觉中滑入衰退。

另一派官员则认为经济将持续温和增长,并担忧已连续四年高于美联储2%目标的通胀率,可能因关税相关的价格上涨再持续两年。这些官员警惕企业因疫情后成功转嫁成本而胆量增大,使通胀率维持在当前略低于3%的水平,难以回落至2%的政策目标。值得注意的是,这一阵营正在扩大。除施密德外,还包括今年拥有货币政策投票权的其他三位地方联储主席,以及美联储理事巴尔。


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