比特币一路高歌,比特币网络却成了链上鬼城?

Odaily星球日报Published on 2025-06-20Last updated on 2025-06-20

Abstract

探讨链上和链下市场的投资者活动,并通过网络指标分析本轮周期的变化。

原文作者:UkuriaOC、CryptoVizArt、Glassnode

原文编译:AididiaoJP,Foresight News

摘要

  • 链上交易笔数下降,但结算量上升,这表明大型实体的使用量有所增加。虽然交易数量减少,但平均交易规模却显著增长,这表明机构或高净值参与者在链上活动中正占据主导地位。

  • 尽管比特币交易价格接近历史高位,但链上费用依然低迷,对区块空间的需求仍然很小。这与以往的周期形成了显著的差异。以往的周期中,价格上涨通常伴随着拥堵和网络使用率上升导致的费用飙升。

  • 交易活动越来越多地转移到链下,中心化交易所如今占据了大部分交易量,而期货市场更是如此。值得注意的是现货、期货和期权的总交易量通常比链上结算量高出 7 到 16 倍。

  • 杠杆持续累积,期货和期权总未平仓合约已达 962 亿美元。抵押品结构已显著改善,稳定币保证金仓位目前占据了未平仓合约的大部分。

链上鬼城

比特币目前稳守在重要的心理关口 10 万美元上方,距离其历史高点 11.17 万美元仅差 6% 。人们或许会预期比特币网络的链上活动也会同样活跃,然而情况却出现了明显的分化:现货价格依然高企,而网络活动却异常平静。

为了评估这种脱节,我们首先分析了比特币网络每日结算的交易数量。在 2023 年至 2024 年期间,交易数量呈现结构性上升趋势,峰值达到每日 73.4 万笔。自 2025 年初以来,吞吐量显著下降,每日交易数量在 32 万至 50 万笔之间,与本周期早期的高点相比显著萎缩。


为了更好地理解比特币网络活动的性质,我们可以将交易分为两类:

  • 代币交易,涉及价值转移。

  • 非代币交易,例如与铭文和符文相关的交易,分别通过 Taproot 见证数据和 OP_RETURN 字段嵌入任意数据。

过去一年,代币交易数量保持相对稳定,表明价值转移活动基础稳定。另一方面,非代币交易则呈现出更为波动的模式。2024 年 7 月至 12 月期间,非代币交易需求激增,显著增加了交易总量。然而,自 2025 年初以来,非大笔交易活动大幅下降,严重导致了近期整体网络吞吐量的萎缩。


交易量保持强劲

尽管交易数量有所萎缩,但比特币网络结算的经济量仍保持在历史高位,平均每天结算 75 亿美元,并在去年 11 月 10 万美元的历史价格突破期间达到 160 亿美元的峰值。

比特币一路高歌,比特币网络却成了链上鬼城?

目前每笔交易的平均交易额为 3.62 万美元,这表明虽然交易量有所减少,但每笔交易的价值仍然是巨大的。这一趋势表明,规模较大的实体仍在继续使用比特币网络,即使整体交易量有所下降,每笔交易的吞吐量仍在上升。


为了验证大型实体越来越多地使用比特币网络进行价值转移的假设,我们可以按交易规模分析结算量。超过 10 万美元的交易呈现出明显的结构性主导地位,在 2022 年 11 月占网络交易量的 66% ,目前已上升至 89% 。这一趋势强化了高价值参与者在链上活动中日益占据主导地位的观点。

比特币一路高歌,比特币网络却成了链上鬼城?

相反 10 万美元或以下的交易量在同一时期经历了显著萎缩。在 2022 年 12 月达到 34% 的相对主导地位的峰值后,这一群体在总转账量中的占比已结构性下降,如今仅为 11% 。

对各个子群体进行更细致的细分表明,这种趋势是整体一致的,每个群体的网络容量份额都出现了显著下降。

  • 0-1000 美元: 3.9% 至 0.9% 

  • 1000-10000 美元: 8.4% 至 2.1% 

  • 1 万至 10 万美元: 21.4% 至 7.9% 


链上费用处于历史低位

多年来比特币交易费用一直受到技术升级和使用模式转变的影响。SegWit 的引入降低了交易的实际规模,提供了费用折扣;而中心化交易所批量处理已成为行业标准做法,通过将多笔提现合并为单笔交易,进一步提高了效率。最近,将任意数据嵌入区块链的铭文和符文 (Inscriptions and Runes) 导致费用周期性飙升,经常造成网络拥堵。

从历史上看,链上费用一直是网络需求的可靠指标,当区块空间相对于整体交易需求较小时,费用压力就会急剧上升。在高压环境下,有限的区块空间迫使用户竞争交易的打包和排序,费用本身就起到了泄压阀的作用。因此费用上涨通常表明对区块空间的需求增加,预示着用户活动活跃度和投机兴趣的上升。

然而在过去几个月里,矿工的交易费收入大幅下降,上个月平均每天仅为 55.8 万美元。这种低迷的费用压力表明区块空间需求显著下降,这与交易量整体减少发出了类似的信号。


手续费收入倍数 (FRM) 指的是矿工总奖励(区块补贴和交易费)与手续费总额的比率。该比率有助于了解矿工收入的构成和占比。

在之前的牛市期间,以及通常在历史高点形成期间,这一比率往往会下降,随着网络活动的增加和交易纳入需求的增加,费用压力也会激增。

然而当前的周期呈现出一种颇为独特的市场结构,尽管比特币交易价格略低于其历史高点,但 FRM 比率仍然异常高企。这种差异凸显出,目前手续费压力相对较小,表明链上活动出奇地平静,尤其是在一个交易价格接近历史高点的市场中。


链下交易量增加

比特币经济由链上和链下两个部分组成,每个部分都对该资产市场动态发挥着至关重要的作用。随着比特币的共识不断增强和可用金融工具范围的扩大,中心化交易所的影响力日益增强。这些平台促进了大多数交易活动,并成为价格发现的关键场所。

因此,评估交易所的链下活动对于构建比特币生态系统活动的整体视图至关重要。

从现货市场开始,中心化交易所的交易活动在过去一年中保持强劲,日均交易量达 100 亿美元,并在 2024 年 11 月达到 230 亿美元的峰值。值得注意的是,这种规模的现货交易量通常与每日链上结算的交易量相当,凸显了现货市场和基础层网络之间活动的平行规模。


在衍生品市场中,永续合约和日历合约的期货交易量是交易量最大的,而且通常比链上、现货和期权的交易量大一个数量级。

本周期内期货合约的交易活动大幅增长,过去一年平均每日交易额达 570 亿美元。此外 2024 年 11 月,期货交易量更是达到了惊人的峰值,达到每日 1220 亿美元。期货市场交易量的规模凸显了这些工具对于投机者、交易者和对冲风险者而言的主导地位。


此外,期权交易量在本周期内大幅上升,过去一年平均每日交易量达 24 亿美元,最高达到 50 亿美元。这一激增凸显了成熟的市场参与者对期权合约的使用日益增多,投资者越来越多地利用期权来实施高级风险管理策略并微调其市场敞口。


现货和衍生品交易量的增长凸显了交易活动的转变,越来越多的交易量从比特币底层转移到链下交易平台。将链下交易量(现货、期货和期权)与网络结算价值进行比较时,我们注意到链下交易量通常是链上交易量的 7 到 16 倍。

这种转变可能会显著影响我们解读网络指标的方式,因为传统指标可能不再能全面反映市场活动。然而链上市场仍然是比特币经济的核心,并构成了更广泛生态系统运作的基础层。充提是链下平台与比特币网络之间的主要纽带,链上活动很可能仍将在市场结构和资本流动中发挥至关重要的作用。


杠杆积累

既然我们已经确定了衍生品在比特币生态系统中日益增长,我们现在将注意力转向期货和期权合约的未平仓合约,以评估市场杠杆的积累。

这两个市场的未平仓合约(OI)都经历了显著增长,期货未平仓合约从 77 亿美元增至 528 亿美元,期权未平仓合约从 32 亿美元增至 434 亿美元。衍生品总未平仓合约总额达到峰值 1140 亿美元,目前仍保持在约 962 亿美元的高位。这种持续扩张反映了比特币经济中杠杆率的大幅提升,这可能会加剧价格波动的风险。


在评估 30 天总未平仓合约量变化时,我们观察到波动幅度一直在加速。在整个 2023 年,未平仓合约量的变化相对平缓,然而随着 2024 年 1 月美国现货 ETF 的推出,这些波动开始加剧。

未平仓合约波动性的加剧,标志着更广泛的市场正在转型,从主要由现货活动驱动的市场结构,转向以衍生品为主导的市场结构。这种转变增加了连锁清算的风险,并导致市场环境更加不稳定,更具反射性。

比特币一路高歌,比特币网络却成了链上鬼城?

为了量化杠杆的积累,我们计算了已实现市值杠杆率,该比率将总未平仓合约与比特币已实现市值(即网络上存储的美元总价值)进行比较。该比率显著正偏差表明衍生品市场的投机活动相对于资产的标的规模有所增强,表明杠杆率上升,市场结构可能存在脆弱性。相反该比率的收缩表明去杠杆化阶段正在进行中。

目前杠杆率仍高达 10.2% ,在 1679 个交易日中,只有 182 个交易日(10.8% )的杠杆率高于该水平。这凸显了市场杠杆率的大幅上升,并进一步强化了衍生品在塑造当前市场格局方面日益增强的主导地位。


然而,由于交易者可以选择稳定币保证金或加密货币保证金作为抵押品,因此未平仓合约的抵押品结构并不统一。稳定币保证金仓位更为保守,其抵押品与美元挂钩;而加密货币保证金仓位则为交易带来了额外的波动性,其基础抵押品本身的价值会随着大盘波动。

为了评估衍生品市场抵押品结构的整体健康状况,我们分别计算了稳定币保证金和加密货币保证金未平仓合约的实际市值杠杆率。在 2018-2021 年周期中,加密货币保证金抵押品是投资者的首选。再加上 100 倍杠杆的广泛使用,这种结构性较弱的抵押品基础在加剧 2021 年 5 月的市场的下跌。

自 FTX 备受瞩目的崩盘以来,稳定币保证金抵押品已成为主要的保证金形式,目前占未平仓合约抵押品的绝大部分。这一转变凸显了围绕数字资产的衍生品体系日趋成熟,以及风险管理实践向更稳定的方向迈进。


结论

尽管比特币价格上涨,但市场估值与网络活动之间出现了明显的背离,交易笔数仍然异常低迷,这主要是由于非代币交易的急剧下降。吞吐量的下降导致矿工手续费收入大幅下降,这与以往的牛市周期形成了鲜明对比,而以往的牛市周期中,价格上涨通常会导致网络拥堵和手续费飙升。

尽管如此该网络的结算量仍然相当可观,平均每日结算金额高达 75 亿美元。较低的交易笔数和较高的交易吞吐量表明大型实体在链上活动中正日益占据主导地位。此外链下交易平台的交易量也实现了强劲增长,现货、期货和期权的总交易量通常比链上结算量高出 7 到 16 倍。

衍生品市场的杠杆率持续上升,期货和期权总未平仓合约仍保持在 962 亿美元的历史高位。然而,标的抵押品结构的构成已显著改善,稳定币保证金仓位目前占据了未平仓合约的大部分。这一转变凸显了围绕数字资产的衍生品体系日趋成熟,以及风险管理实践向更稳健方向迈进。

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Note: This report encompasses synthesised information available as of October 2023, and developments may have transpired beyond the research period.

463 Total ViewsPublished 2025.05.13Updated 2025.05.13

What is $BITCOIN

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