比特币还适合当央行储备吗? 数字银行Sygnum:Strategy买太多了!

marsbitPublished on 2025-06-10Last updated on 2025-06-11

比特币

速览:

  • Sygnum 表示,策略型比特币收购公司正在通过杠杆积累超额 BTC 持有量,从而削弱比特币作为央行储备资产的适用性。
  • 受监管的数字资产银行表示,这些策略扭曲了流动性和情绪,对比特币的稳定性及其被机构配置者的更广泛采用构成长期风险。

比特币合规数字资产银行Sygnum发布的一份报告指出,像Strategy(前身为MicroStrategy)这样的比特币收购工具大幅提升了机构对比特币的需求,但其日益激进、并高度依赖杠杆的增持方式,可能会削弱比特币作为央行储备资产的可信度。

本周一,Strategy宣布再次购买了1,045枚比特币,斥资约1.102亿美元,平均每枚比特币价格为105,426美元。这使其持有的比特币总量达到582,000枚,总价值超过630亿美元,相当于比特币2100万枚总供应量的约2.8%,账面收益约为220亿美元。

目前,已有144家公司采取了某种形式的比特币储备策略,其中114家为上市公司。由Tether支持的Twenty One、Nakamoto、Trump Media、GameStop 和 K33等新近加入了比特币持仓行列,效仿了由Strategy联合创始人Michael Saylor开创的模式,和此前已行动的Metaplanet、Semler Scientific、KULR等公司并肩而行。Bernstein的分析师预测,在美国更支持加密货币的特朗普政府推动下,Strategy及其企业模仿者在未来五年内可能将比特币储备再增加3300亿美元。

比特币

Sygnum 警告称,随着 Strategy 计划通过多个数十亿美元级别的金融项目在未来进一步扩大其比特币持仓,这种集中化趋势将引入系统性脆弱性,可能会因流动性、波动性以及集中控制的担忧,令各国央行在是否采纳比特币作为储备资产时望而却步

Sygnum 的分析师表示:“任何资产的大规模集中持有都是一种风险,而现在 Strategy 的持仓规模已经接近令人担忧的临界点——该公司目前持有接近比特币历史发行总量的 3%,但其在实际可流通供给中所占的比例更高。它们计划收购总发行量5%的目标引发了严重担忧,尤其是这些机构不断聚拢供应,正在削弱比特币作为避险资产的属性。当一家私人公司掌控了如此大比例的现有供应时,比特币将不再适合央行作为储备资产持有。”

企业比特币收购模式正在转型

Sygnum 表示,自2020年起,企业最初采用比特币作为对冲通胀的财务策略,如今已逐渐演变为一种投机性的投资工具模型。包括 Strategy、以及新加入的 Twenty One Capital 和 Nakamoto Holdings 等公司,开始利用各类债务工具——如可转换债券、优先股,甚至是永久性金融工具——在其本业规模之外进一步加杠杆购买比特币。这些公司如今的运作方式更类似于封闭式基金,而非传统意义上的企业,使得这种行为是否仍能归类为“企业财务管理”引发了质疑。

Sygnum 补充指出:“流通供应的急剧减少也可能逆转当前比特币波动率下降和流动性上升的结构性趋势”——而这两个指标一直被机构投资者与央行视为将比特币纳入储备资产的前提条件。分析师认为,这些趋势目前正被高度杠杆化的收购工具所扭曲,挤压了自然市场需求。

除了萨尔瓦多等个别案例外,目前几乎没有央行真正将比特币纳入储备资产的计划,实际采取行动的更是少之又少。不过,今年3月,美国总统特朗普签署了一项行政命令,设立“美国战略比特币储备”,初期将以政府目前持有的约20万枚比特币(价值约220亿美元,源自刑事或民事没收)为基础,并指示财政部长 Scott Bessent 和商务部长 Howard Lutnick 制定在预算中性前提下,进一步收购比特币的策略。捷克、不丹和巴基斯坦等国家的相关主管机构也显现出浓厚兴趣。

杠杆化策略或挤压稳健型企业持仓,放大市场下行风险

Sygnum 指出,这些杠杆化的比特币收购策略虽然最初受益于强劲的牛市情绪,并在短期内有助于减少市场流通供给,但从长期来看并不可持续。分析师表示,许多公司股价相对其比特币持仓的溢价正在面临被侵蚀、甚至转为折价的风险,尤其是在更多类似工具涌现、而投资者需求逐渐趋于饱和的背景下。一旦遭遇熊市或融资困难,这些公司可能被迫抛售比特币,从而加剧价格下跌,并进一步打击市场情绪。

Sygnum 还认为,这一趋势可能会挤压那些更为理性和稳健的企业比特币配置方式。与投机性囤币不同,较小规模的比特币头寸可以在全球金融系统波动时充当稳健的对冲工具。然而,这些高杠杆化的工具可能造成一种印象:比特币天然与投机行为绑定,从而削弱机构投资者对其进行理性采纳的意愿。

分析师总结道:“这些工具在一定程度上催生了来自无法或尚无法直接进入加密市场的投资需求,在这方面,它们的作用与比特币ETF类似。同时,它们也使这些公司的股东受益——资金被投资于一种避险资产,而不是持续下滑的主营业务。但随着需求趋于平稳,且供给增加带来稀释风险,这类公司股票相对于其比特币资产的估值可能遭到重估。此外,这些策略也为整个加密市场带来一定风险。”

Strategy:即使比特币暴跌90%,也能撑得住?

另一方面,Strategy 联合创始人 Michael Saylor 表现出强烈信心。他在近期接受《金融时报》采访时表示,Strategy 的资本结构设计足以承受比特币价格暴跌90%,并维持4至5年之久。这得益于公司使用了股权、可转换债券和优先股等多种融资工具的组合——尽管他也承认,在这种情形下股东将“遭受重大损失”。

Bernstein 分析师则指出,Strategy 的整体负债水平较低,且无任何还款压力直至2028年,因此其杠杆仍处于可控范围。

然而,这种信心未必适用于当下效仿 Strategy 模式的大量公司,尤其是那些资产负债表较弱、投资者粘性不足、主营收入薄弱、难以承受市场冲击的企业。随着越来越多公司进入这一领域,一旦市场出现剧烈回调,比特币价格的稳定性以及这种企业囤币模式的可持续性,或将面临更严峻考验。

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