Arthur Hayes 比特币 2025 大会演讲:BTC 通往 100 万美元之路

链捕手Published on 2025-06-01Last updated on 2025-06-01

原文标题:Arthur Hayes 在 Bitcoin 2025 上的主题演讲「It's F**king Maths」
编译:金色财经

美国财政部长的任务

美国新任财政部长是贝森特(Bessent),他曾与乔治·索罗斯(George Soros)共事,帮助打破了几个不同的主权货币挂钩机制。对于美国在面临所有这些问题的情况下,经济上需要发生什么才能成功,显然他非常了解。

这是一张 Bessent 做销售演示的照片,我相信你们中有些人看过这部电影《Glengarry Glenn Ross》(大亨游戏)以及那个标志性的场景,当……我忘了那个演员的名字,他站在那里告诉销售人员 ABC——永远完成交易(Always Be Closing)。那么斯科特·贝森特的工作是什么?所以每次你在电视上看到他,想象他是一个二手车销售员,他正在向你推销东西。他在向你推销什么?债券。他的工作是卖债券,因为他的老板——美国政府——需要为自己融资。

那么为什么债券是糟糕的投资呢?这里黄色部分是美国国债总额的图表,从 2017 年开始。你可以看到,它以 100 为基准,债务供应量大约上涨了 80%。然后我将这个指数与 TLT(追踪长期国债的 ETF)除以纳斯达克 100 指数进行了对比。所以如果图表向下,意味着纳斯达克跑赢了债券。从 2017 年到现在,纳斯达克跑赢债券的幅度大约是 80%。所以,是的,你可能通过持有债券的票息赚了钱,但如果你把钱投入股市,你会多赚 80%。

让我们看看同样的图表与黄金的对比。类似的情况。如果你没有持有美国国债而是购买了黄金,你的表现会好大约 80%。显然这不是一个黄金或股票会议。我们在这里谈论比特币。那么它与比特币相比表现如何呢?那就更引人注目了。通过购买比特币而不是购买债券,你的表现也会超过债券。

因此,尽管有许多投资专业人士会站出来告诉你,你知道,我认为债券市场在未来一两年内会表现良好,诸如此类,这可能是真的。你可能真的能通过持有债券赚钱,但通过持有其他东西你会赚更多的钱。投资的目标是在当前环境下最大化你赚的钱,而持有政府债券并不是一个好的交易。

现在,这显然又回到了我的信息上,即贝森特的这份工作非常困难,因为随着越来越多的投资者阅读这些图表并理解到,如果他们继续持有政府债券,他们的表现将远逊于他们本可以为自己和客户赚取的收益,那么就需要更多的政府行动,以确保美国政府能够为自己融资。所以很明显,特朗普政府上台后,他们谈到美国政府有支出问题。

美国债务赤字与通货膨胀

这是彼得森研究所的一张图表,美国的财政年度从 10 月开始。我们可以看到,截至今年 3 月,尽管在控制美国政府支出过多的问题上付出了很多努力和言辞,但在 2025 财年,我们的支出已经高于 2024 财年,而 2024 财年已经是赤字创纪录的一年了。

很明显在媒体上,我们一直在大量讨论某些人——我们稍后会提到那个人——将如何通过消除欺诈和滥用行为来控制政府支出。我们讨论了一段时间,然后这项努力的主角,那位 Doge「先锋」马斯克,却不见了踪影。我们已经有一段时间没有他的消息了,因为这是糟糕的政治手腕。政府花的每一美元都进入了别人的口袋。如果你要站出来说我们要削减数万亿美元的赤字,那显然会对很多人和企业产生不利影响。我们看到了媒体和个人对此的负面反应。最终,我认为政客们意识到,嘿,这不是好的政治策略。让我们召回我们的「攻击犬」,让他淡出人们的视线,去经营他的私人公司吧。

但这意味着,如果他们不能有意义地削减赤字,你如何平衡账目呢?最近,斯科特·贝森特开始在媒体上巡回宣传,谈论他如何专注于增长。他全力以赴地追求增长。那么,如果你面临巨额赤字,这意味着什么呢?这意味着你需要让名义 GDP 增长率超过你的利息成本,这非常困难,除非你打算增加经济中的信贷量。

在座的许多人是美国人,或者在北美待了很长时间。我成年后的大部分时间都生活在大中华区。当你在中国生活时,你会明白 GDP 或增长仅仅是你愿意向经济中注入多少信贷的产出。如果我们想了解特朗普政府——我认为任何一届政府在这些数学事实面前——会怎么做,我们必须明白这个经济依赖于信贷。所以,如果你愿意向系统中注入更多信贷,你就能达到任何你想要的增长目标。所以如果贝森特说他们想要 6% 或 7% 的名义 GDP 增长,很好,你打算创造多少信贷?我们想知道他们打算创造多少信贷,因为这最终是导致比特币以法定货币计价跑赢其他所有资产的原因。

那么,我们如何超越 7% 的持续赤字呢?他们能做什么?通常情况下,当局会吹起另一个金融泡沫。也许那就是比特币和加密货币。政客们采取非常宽松的立场说:「嘿,我们希望币圈的兄弟姐妹们变得非常富有,支付资本利得税,你知道,大量消费并提高经济表现。」他们可以鼓励银行系统向实体经济放贷,我几个月前写的一篇文章中称之为「给穷人的量化宽松」(QE for poor people)。基本上,如果银行系统不是搞金融工程,而是将其资产负债表用于向普通公司放贷,这会创造就业和经济增长。

现在,这两件事的问题在于存在通货膨胀。通货膨胀对于平衡资产负债表是必要的。我知道这在政治和经济学中是个不受欢迎的词,但通货膨胀对于政府负担其庞大的债务是必要的。所以我们将面临通货膨胀,显然在座的各位都明白比特币是对此最好的对冲。但我们需要将这个信息传播到全世界。

比特币通往 100 万美元之路

最后,我想谈几件事。比特币通往 100 万美元之路,我相信这主要有三个方面。

首先是资本管制与关税。我最近写了一篇文章,深入探讨了我认为关税是糟糕的政治手段,因为它们鼓励商品通胀和货架空空,而普通美国人不喜欢这样。但你可以通过使用资本管制来达到同样的经济再平衡目标。所以开始看到某些边缘经济学家——很快就会成为主流——谈论他们如何可以取消外国人在美国投资所享有的某些税收优惠,并将这部分收入重新分配给选民或用于购买特定期限的国债。

第二件事是银行补充杠杆率(SLR)的豁免,我稍后会详细说明。斯科特·贝森特在多次采访中都谈到过这一点,他最近甚至在彭博社和福克斯新闻的采访中加强了言辞,谈到他认为今年夏天这项比率将获得豁免,就像新冠疫情期间大型银行可以无限杠杆购买国债一样。

最后,一个越来越引人关注的领域是房利美(Fanny Mae)和房地美(Freddie Mac)这两个政府支持的企业(GSEs),如果再次被允许,它们将能够向抵押贷款市场注入大量资金。

让我们来看看这「三驾马车」。「外国人必须付钱」是好的政治策略。如果你要对选民说「我要给你们一些东西」,如果由别人来付钱,那显然再好不过了。世界各地的政治都是这样运作的。早在 1984 年,因为美国政府遇到了另一个问题,同样的问题:我们如何让人们购买我们的债务?而当时 30 年期国债的收益率约为 12%。他们说:「嘿,我们为什么不豁免外国债券持有人的预扣税呢?」现在,如果你是美国人,你从持有国债获得的所有利息都要按特定税率纳税,我想大约在 20% 到 30% 之间。而现在,如果你是外国人,你不需要支付这笔税。

所以现在有讨论要取消这项豁免,以达到几个目的。首先,通过基本上对外国人获得的收入征税,这可以在十年内筹集超过一万亿美元。现在,显然,如果你被征税,你可能就不想持有国债了。所以一种想法是,我们是否可以设定一个非常低的税率来持有长期国债——这些是贝森特难以出售的东西——而对国债(短期国债)征收很高的税——这些是你可能在货币市场账户中持有的类现金工具。每个人都想要这个,每个人都想要高收益的现金账户。所以让我们惩罚你持有短期国债,但让你持有长期国债。这是一种温和形式的收益率曲线控制。我们如何从外国人那里获得对长期债券的需求?只需改变税率。

现在,这个最终的问题是谁将取代外国人成为债务的边际持有者。显然,这意味着他们将印钞来弥补因外国人不投资这些债务而损失的资金。

另一件事:银行购债狂潮。补充杠杆率(SLR),如果你对这次演讲的内容什么都不记得了,请务必记住这一点。这是一种银行可以用无限杠杆购买债券的方式。有一个叫做巴塞尔协议 III(Basel 3)的东西,这是全球金融危机后制定的一项非常复杂的规定,它做了一件明智的事情。它说,嘿,银行,你们没有太多资本,我们为什么不让你们拥有更多资本呢?所以如果我持有一张债券,我必须投入一些我自己的股本资本。这很有道理。这意味着美国银行在购买美国国债的数量上会遇到限制。记住,贝森特每年需要出售两万亿甚至更多的债券,他需要确保有人能买这些债券。所以如果我取消这项豁免,就允许商业银行以无限杠杆购买国债。当它们能这样做时,它们的利润会飙升,因为它们支付给商业存款的利率非常低。显然,笑容满面的杰米·戴蒙(Jaime Dimon)非常希望这种情况发生。他已在多个场合表示,他认为银行系统需要这项豁免。正如我常说的,杰米·戴蒙想要什么就能得到什么。

还有一件事,稳定币显然是近来非常热门的话题。如果你将稳定币或美国银行在市场上发行的不付息的美元稳定币与 SLR 豁免结合起来,它们基本上就变得像 Tether 一样。它们不允许向投资这些稳定币并将其用于转账的人支付任何费用,然后它们可以把所有这些钱投入美国国债,并且没有资本要求。这基本上是无限的利润。所以我预计,如果这项豁免通过——我认为它会通过——你将会看到美国大型银行非常一致地努力发行「橙色稳定币」(指与比特币或某个支持比特币的银行相关的稳定币),因为这是它们赚取大量净利息收入的一种方式。

这是特朗普在「真相社交」(Truth Social)上关于房利美和房地美的一条帖子。

基本上,这些是在 2008 年金融危机之前发行抵押贷款的组织。它们曾非常有利可图。现在,当你释放房利美和房地美时会发生什么?基本上,你将它们从政府接管状态中解放出来。这个交易已经讨论了将近两年了。如果你在一美元时买入,这些公司在市场上的交易价格现在可能已经是 11 美元了。但是你将它们从接管状态中解放出来,它们被允许用其股本资本,以隐性的政府担保发行更多债务,并将其杠杆化 33 倍。然后它们可以购买高达 5 万亿美元的抵押贷款。如果你允许这两个组织恢复正常运营,这将是 5 万亿美元的流动性进入市场。

简单计算

我从哪里得出比特币可能达到 100 万美元的想法?

  • 如果我们考虑「给穷人的量化宽松」——银行向实体经济提供更多贷款——我估计从现在到 2028 年,可能会产生高达 3 万亿美元的银行信贷。需要关注的统计数据是美联储每周资产负债表上的「其他存款和负债」项目,我们会在那里看到这种情况发生。
  • 如果允许银行购买国债,据估计,9000 亿美元的外国需求可能会消失。这必须由商业银行来弥补,它们现在可以用无限杠杆购买这些国债。
  • 最后,让我们释放房利美和房地美,为市场带来 5 万亿美元的流动性。
  • 这将使我们从现在到 2028 年印钞接近 9 万亿美元。

让我们把这放在背景中来看。在新冠疫情期间,美国的刺激计划和所有给予金融部门的援助总计约 4 万亿美元。从 2020 年 3 月的低点到 2021 年 11 月的 7 万美元,比特币上涨了大约 10 倍。

记住,价格是由边际决定的。重要的是边际价格,而不是全部存量。因此,如果我们由于 ETF 需求导致交易平台的比特币减少,并且从现在到 2028 年我们印的钱是新冠疫情期间的两倍,那么比特币达到 100 万美元就很容易了。

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