特朗普为何突然「放过」鲍威尔?多亏了贝森特和卢特尼克

Foresight NewsPublished on 2025-04-24Last updated on 2025-04-24

Abstract

特朗普改变主意,部分原因是财政部长贝森特和商务部长卢特尼克私下警告特朗普,罢免鲍威尔或引发市场动荡和法律纠纷。

撰文:房家瑶

来源:华尔街见闻

尽管上周特朗普对鲍威尔的批评愈演愈烈,但他本周二公开表态,自己并不计划解雇鲍威尔,并指责媒体误传他有此意图。

美东时间 4 月 23 日,媒体援引知情人士消息称,白宫内部此前对特朗普公开批评鲍威尔的言论十分重视,甚至有白宫律师私下研究罢免鲍威尔的法律方案,包括是否可以因「正当理由」罢免,因为根据法律,美联储理事只能在任期结束前因正当理由被罢免,而法院通常将「正当理由」解读为渎职或不当行为。

另外,特朗普改变主意与财政部长贝森特和商务部长霍华德·卢特尼克有关,知情人士称,他们警告特朗普罢免鲍威尔或引发市场动荡和法律纠纷。卢特尼克告诉特朗普称,解雇了鲍威尔也不会改变利率,因为美联储其他成员可能会维持与鲍威尔类似的货币政策。

市场用脚投票,特朗普放弃解雇

媒体指出,特朗普「不打算解雇鲍威尔」的言辞表明,他和他的顾问依然密切关注华尔街和大企业的反应。

虽然特朗普坚称自己不受市场波动影响,但他和顾问们显然关注到市场对他激进贸易和经济举措的反抗,并且在逐渐做出妥协。毕竟,白宫发言人 Taylor Rogers 曾表示,总统顾问会为特朗普提供建议,但最终决策者仍是总统本人。

特斯拉 CEO 马斯克在周二的财报电话会议上表示,他将在与总统的对话中提倡降低关税。马斯克说:「是否听取我的建议由他自己决定。」由于特斯拉的股价下滑,他将减少在 DOGE 方面的工作时间,而特斯拉也因马斯克与政府的关系而全球销量下滑。

特朗普在第一任期内就频繁批评美联储主席鲍威尔,并试图通过社交媒体等方式影响美联储决策,但效果有限,未对美联储独立性造成实质性影响。然而,此次市场对美联储独立性的担忧显著升级,主要有两方面原因。

首先,特朗普在第二任期内更倾向于挑战制度和法律规范。美国司法部正在试图推翻一个已有 90 年历史的法律先例,而这一先例是防止美联储官员在任期届满前被免职的重要保障,许多法律专家认为,一旦该先例被推翻,美联储的独立性将受到严重威胁。

其次,由于特朗普的关税规模远超其第一任期,且范围更广,这可能导致今年通胀问题更加严重,特朗普的关税政策无疑使美联储在权衡通胀与经济增长时面临更艰难的抉择。

解雇鲍威尔代价太大且收效有限

但实际上,特朗普解雇鲍威尔面临诸多阻力。

一方面,美联储的独立性被债券投资者视为美国金融体系的重要支柱。许多投资者认为,美联储不应该受到政府干预。如果有外国投资者担心美国政府干预美联储来容忍更高的通胀水平,他们可能会减少美债购买,从而推高利率。

前旧金山联储高级顾问、首席经济学家 Tim Mahedy 上周表示,如果特朗普成功迫使美联储主席下台,市场的反应将是灾难性的。痛苦将来得如此迅速和剧烈,以至于总统将被迫立即收回承诺,否则将面临系统性金融危机。

另一方面,许多华尔街分析师认为,即使特朗普解雇鲍威尔,也不会轻易改变美联储的货币政策,因为美联储其他理事也未必支持降息。例如,特朗普上月提拔了他首任期内任命的美联储理事鲍曼为银行监管副主席。鲍曼是美联储中最直言不讳的官员之一,曾警告过早或过快降息的风险。

鲍威尔一直表示,他不认为美联储的独立性会受到威胁。鲍威尔认为,假如美联储主席因为政策意见不合而被解雇,那对未来的美联储主席会造成很大压力,可能影响他们的决策自由。为了保护美联储主席能在没有政治压力的情况下做决定,鲍威尔认为必须要为这种可能的法律冲突做好准备,即使他个人可能会因此承担费用。

美联储独立性问题并非新鲜事

自 1970 年代高通胀以来,美联储便十分重视其独立性。在那时,美国总统尼克松曾施压美联储要求放宽货币政策,结果引发严重通胀。高通胀问题最终通过 1980 年代初的经济衰退得以遏制。

虽然美联储独立性未通过法律形式明确规定,但这一历史教训促使美联储、总统和国会达成共识,美联储应该有相当的独立性,以确保它能够保持低通胀和健康的就业市场。

到了 1990 年代,很多其他国家的中央银行也开始争取到更大的独立性,允许它们不受政府干预,自主决定利率,从而能更好地为经济的长远发展服务。

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