上一次美国总统如此施压美联储,是 1971 年的尼克松,两年后美国进入滞胀时代

深潮TechFlowPublished on 2025-04-18Last updated on 2025-04-19

Abstract

今天的鲍威尔,绝不想重演伯恩斯的命运。


撰文:叶桢,华尔街见闻


特朗普正用一条条推文威胁美联储的独立性,而上一次美国总统如此施压美联储,要追溯到 1971 年,美国大滞胀时代的前夕。


1971 年,美国经济已经面临「滞胀」困境,失业率达 6.1%,通胀率突破 5.8%,国际收支逆差持续扩大。为争取连任,尼克松总统对时任美联储主席伯恩斯施加空前压力。


白宫记录显示,1971 年,尼克松与伯恩斯互动次数显著增加,特别是在 1971 年第三季度和第四季度,两人每季度的正式会晤达 17 次,远超常规沟通频率。


而这种干预在政策操作层面表现为:当年,美国联邦基金利率从年初的 5% 骤降至年末的 3.5%,M1 货币供应量增速达到二战后的峰值 8.4%。


在布雷顿森林体系瓦解,全球货币体系剧变的这一年,伯恩斯对政治的妥协为后来的「大通胀」埋下伏笔,直到 1979 年后保罗·沃尔克大幅加息才得以解决。


伯恩斯也因此背负了历史的骂名。今天的鲍威尔,绝不想重演伯恩斯的命运。


伯恩斯的妥协:政治利益压倒价格稳定


1970 年,尼克松亲自提名阿瑟·伯恩斯担任美联储主席。伯恩斯是哥伦比亚大学的经济学家、曾是尼克松竞选时的经济顾问,两人私交甚笃。尼克松对伯恩斯寄予厚望——不是作为货币政策的把关人,而是作为政治战略的「配合者」。


当时,尼克松面临在 1972 年大选中争取连任的巨大压力,而彼时美国经济尚未完全从 1969 年衰退中恢复,失业率高企。他急需一波经济增长,哪怕是靠「放水」制造的虚假繁荣。
于是,他不断向伯恩斯施压,希望美联储降息、增发货币,以刺激增长。白宫内部录音记录了尼克松和伯恩斯的多次对话。


1971 年 10 月 10 日,在椭圆形办公室中,尼克松对伯恩斯说:


「我不想就这么下台(I don『t want to go out of town fast)……如果我们输了,这将是华盛顿最后一次由保守派执政。」


他暗示如果自己连任失败,伯恩斯将面对一个由民主党人主导的未来,政治氛围将彻底改变。面对伯恩斯试图以「银行体系已经很宽松」为由拖延更多宽松政策,尼克松直接驳斥:


「所谓的流动性问题(liquidity problem)?那就是废话(just bullshit)。」
不久后,在一次电话中,伯恩斯向尼克松报告道:「我们把贴现率降到了 4.5%。」
尼克松回应道:


「好,好,太好了(Good, good, good)……你带着他们往前冲,你一直都是这样做的(You can lead 』em. You always have. Just kick 『em in the rump a little)。」


尼克松不仅在政策上施压,在人事安排上也明确表态。1971 年 12 月 24 日,他对白宫办公厅主任乔治·舒尔茨说:


「你觉得我们对阿瑟的影响差不多够了吗?我是说,我还能对他施加多大压力?」
「如果不行,我就把他叫进来(If I have to talk to him again, I』ll do it. Next time I『ll just bring him in)。」


尼克松还强调,伯恩斯无权决定联储理事会的人选:


「他得搞清楚,这跟首席大法官伯格一样……我不会让他选自己人(I』m not going to let him name his people)。」


这些对白来自白宫录音,清晰地展示了美国总统对央行主席的系统性施压。而伯恩斯也的确「照做」了,并用一套理论为自己的做法辩护。


他认为,紧缩的货币政策以及随之而来的失业率上升,对于抑制当时的通货膨胀是无效的,因为通货膨胀的根源在于美联储无法控制的因素,例如工会、食品和能源短缺以及欧佩克对油价的控制。


1971 年到 1972 年,美联储降低利率、扩大货币供给,推动经济短暂繁荣,也帮助尼克松实现了连任目标。


但这场「人为制造」的经济繁荣的代价很快显现。

绕过美联储的「尼克松冲击」


尽管美联储是货币政策执行机构,但在 1971 年 8 月尼克松宣布「暂停美元与黄金兑换」这一决定时,并未顾及伯恩斯的反对。


1971 年 8 月 13-15 日,尼克松召集 15 名核心幕僚在戴维营举行闭门会议,包括伯恩斯、财政部长康纳利和时任国际货币事务副部长沃尔克。


会议中,尽管伯恩斯最初反对关闭美元与黄金兑换窗口,但在尼克松强大政治意志下,会议直接绕过美联储决策程序,单方面决定:


关闭美元与黄金兑换窗口,暂停外国政府以美元兑换黄金的权利;


实施 90 天工资和物价冻结,遏制通胀;


对所有涉税进口商品征收 10% 附加税,保护美国产品免受汇率波动影响。


这被称为「尼克松冲击」的一系列举措,打破了 1944 年建立的布雷顿森林体系的根基,黄金随之暴涨,全球汇率体系瓦解。


起初,工资物价管制短期内抑制通胀,1972 年美国通胀被压制在 3.3%。但到了 1973 年,尼克松解除了价格管制,而此时美元大量流通、供需失衡的后果迅速显现。再加上同年爆发的第一次石油危机,物价开始暴涨。


美国经济随即陷入罕见的「双杀」局面,1973 年通胀率达到 8.8%,1974 年更高达 12.3%,失业率也持续上升,形成典型的滞胀格局。


这时,伯恩斯试图重新收紧货币政策,却发现自己早已失去公信力。


他对政治妥协和非货币措施的依赖为「大通胀」埋下伏笔,直到 1979 年后保罗·沃尔克上任,并以极端加息政策彻底「压制」通胀,美联储才重新获得独立威望。


鲍威尔绝不想做下一个伯恩斯


伯恩斯任期留下年均 7% 的通胀率,并削弱了美联储信誉。


美联储内部文件与尼克松录音显示,伯恩斯将短期政治需求置于长期价格稳定之上,他的任期成为中央银行独立性的反面教材。


有财经评论人调侃道:


「伯恩斯没有行骗,也没有杀人,甚至不是恋童癖……他犯下的唯一罪行是——在通胀完全控制住之前就降息了。」


相比之下,伯恩斯的继任者保罗·沃尔克,以 19% 的利率「掐死」通胀,虽制造了剧烈衰退,却成为华尔街、经济史、乃至公众眼中的终结通胀的英雄。


历史证明,美国人可以原谅一位导致经济衰退的美联储主席,但不会原谅一位点燃通胀的主席。


鲍威尔深知这一点,也绝不想做下一个伯恩斯。

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